Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:1602.07852 · Physical Review A

Entanglement of quantum circular states of light

D. B. Horoshko, Stephan De Bièvre, Mikhail I. Kolobov, Giuseppe Patera

Published Jun 20, 2016• 25 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We present a general approach to calculating the entanglement of formation for superpositions of two-mode coherent states, placed equidistantly on a circle in phase space. We show that in the particular case of rotationally invariant circular states the Schmidt decomposition of two modes, and therefore the value of their entanglement, are given by analytical expressions. We analyze the dependence of the entanglement on the radius of the circle and number of components in the superposition. We also show that the set of rotationally invariant circular states creates an orthonormal basis in the state space of the harmonic oscillator, and this basis is advantageous for representation of other circular states of light.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.93.062323

Related papers

Entanglement of two-mode Schrödinger cats

D. B. Horoshko, Giuseppe Patera, Stephan De Bièvre +1 more

Quantum superpositions of coherent states are produced both in microwave and optical domains, and are considered realizations of the famous “Schroedinger cat” state. The recent progress shows an increase in the number of components and the number of modes involved. Our work gives a theoretical treatment of multicomponent two-mode Schroedinger cat states. We consider a class of single-mode states, which are superpositions of N coherent states lying on a circle in the phase space. In this class we consider an orthonormal basis created by rotationally-invariant circular states (RICS). A two-mode extension of this basis is created by splitting a single-mode RICS on a balanced beam-splitter. After performing a symmetric (Loewdin) orthogonalization of the sets of coherent states in both modes we obtain the Schmidt decomposition of the two-mode state, and therefore an analytic expression for its entanglement. We show that the states obtained by splitting a RICS are generalizations of Bell states of two qubits to the case of N -level systems encoded into superpositions of coherent states on the circle, and we propose for them the name of generalized quasi-Bell states. We show that an exact probabilistic teleportation of arbitrary superposition of coherent states on the circle is possible with such a state used as shared resource.

SPIE Quantum Technologies•May 21, 2018•1 citation

Entanglement of multicomponent Schrödinger cats

D. B. Horoshko, Stephan De Bièvre, Mikhail I. Kolobov +1 more

We consider the class of two-mode superpositions of coherent states equidistant on the circle, invariant under rotation along the circle. We find the analytical expression for the Schmidt decomposition and the entanglement for such states.

Quantum Information and Measurement (QIM)•Jan 1, 2017•0 citations

Sub-Planck structures and phase-space sensitivity of circular states

Sheng-Chuan Tang, Shunlong Luo, Yue Zhang

The superposition of coherent states has attracted extensive and intensive attention, exemplified by intriguing instances such as Schr\"odinger cat states and compass states. In this study, we derive analytical expressions of the Wigner functions and phase-space displacement sensitivity of circular states, which are superpositions of coherent states distributed equidistantly on a circle. The visualization of these phase-space functions exhibits fascinating quantum kaleidoscopic patterns, and intuitively reveals the internal coherence and symmetric structure in these states. Moreover, we unveil the inherent sub-Planck structure of circular states in terms of the zeros of sensitivity functions.

Physical Review A•Aug 5, 2025•4 citations

One-dimensional coherent-state representation on a circle in phase space

P. Domokos, Петер Адам, József Janszky

The representation of the states of a single electromagnetic field mode by coherent states of an identical mean number of photons, i.e., the representation on a circle in phase space, is presented. The connection between the circle representation and the analytic representation is given.

Physical Review A•Nov 1, 1994•34 citations

Schmidt-mode analysis of quadrature entanglement in superpositions of two-mode multiphoton states

Mikhail Vladimirovich Fedorov

Abstract Schmidt-decomposition formalism is proposed to be used for evaluation of the degree of quadrature entanglement in two-mode multiphoton states. A series of examples are considered, including analysis of the quadrature entanglement of the two-mode squeezed vacuum. Single-mode and two-mode coherent states with stochastic phases are analyzed by the same method though in this case features of quadrature states are interpreted in terms of decoherence rather than entanglement.

arXiv:1905.05088•Physica Scripta•Feb 27, 2020•3 citations

Formulas for Schmidt decompositions of mutually orthogonal quantum states in two-qubit systems

Yonghae Lee, Youngho Min, Sunghyun Bae +1 more

Abstract We present Schmidt decomposition formulas for mutually orthogonal two-qubit pure states and classify orthonormal sets according to their entanglement structure. We begin by presenting explicit formulas for the Schmidt decomposition of arbitrary two-qubit pure states. Building on this, we construct and analyze all possible configurations of two mutually orthogonal pure states, providing corresponding Schmidt decomposition expressions for each case. For orthonormal sets of three and four states, we derive explicit formulas for selected representative types and discuss the difficulties in obtaining closed-form expressions for more general cases. In particular, we focus on special classes of orthonormal bases that include one or two maximally entangled states. Finally, we prove that no orthonormal basis can contain three product states and one entangled state, revealing a structural constraint that restricts the composition of entangled orthonormal sets.

arXiv:2503.06988•Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical•Oct 20, 2025•1 citation
We present a general approach to calculating the entanglement of formation for superpositions of two-mode coherent states, placed equidistantly on a circle in phase space. We show that in the particular case of rotationally invariant circular states the Schmidt decomposition of two modes, and therefore the value of their entanglement, are given by analytical expressions. We analyze the dependence of the entanglement on the radius of the circle and number of components in the superposition. We also show that the set of rotationally invariant circular states creates an orthonormal basis in the state space of the harmonic oscillator, and this basis is advantageous for representation of other circular states of light.
Quantum superpositions of coherent states are produced both in microwave and optical domains, and are considered realizations of the famous “Schroedinger cat” state. The recent progress shows an increase in the number of components and the number of modes involved. Our work gives a theoretical treatment of multicomponent two-mode Schroedinger cat states. We consider a class of single-mode states, which are superpositions of N coherent states lying on a circle in the phase space. In this class we consider an orthonormal basis created by rotationally-invariant circular states (RICS). A two-mode extension of this basis is created by splitting a single-mode RICS on a balanced beam-splitter. After performing a symmetric (Loewdin) orthogonalization of the sets of coherent states in both modes we obtain the Schmidt decomposition of the two-mode state, and therefore an analytic expression for its entanglement. We show that the states obtained by splitting a RICS are generalizations of Bell states of two qubits to the case of N -level systems encoded into superpositions of coherent states on the circle, and we propose for them the name of generalized quasi-Bell states. We show that an exact probabilistic teleportation of arbitrary superposition of coherent states on the circle is possible with such a state used as shared resource.
The superposition of coherent states has attracted extensive and intensive attention, exemplified by intriguing instances such as Schr\"odinger cat states and compass states. In this study, we derive analytical expressions of the Wigner functions and phase-space displacement sensitivity of circular states, which are superpositions of coherent states distributed equidistantly on a circle. The visualization of these phase-space functions exhibits fascinating quantum kaleidoscopic patterns, and intuitively reveals the internal coherence and symmetric structure in these states. Moreover, we unveil the inherent sub-Planck structure of circular states in terms of the zeros of sensitivity functions.
Abstract We present Schmidt decomposition formulas for mutually orthogonal two-qubit pure states and classify orthonormal sets according to their entanglement structure. We begin by presenting explicit formulas for the Schmidt decomposition of arbitrary two-qubit pure states. Building on this, we construct and analyze all possible configurations of two mutually orthogonal pure states, providing corresponding Schmidt decomposition expressions for each case. For orthonormal sets of three and four states, we derive explicit formulas for selected representative types and discuss the difficulties in obtaining closed-form expressions for more general cases. In particular, we focus on special classes of orthonormal bases that include one or two maximally entangled states. Finally, we prove that no orthonormal basis can contain three product states and one entangled state, revealing a structural constraint that restricts the composition of entangled orthonormal sets.