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arXiv:1602.05945 · Physical Review A

Atomic properties of Lu+

Eduardo Javier Paez, K. J. Arnold, Elnur Hajiyev, S. G. Porsev, V. A. Dzuba, Marianna S. Safronova, Marianna S. Safronova, M. D. Barrett

Published Apr 18, 2016• 32 citations
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Abstract

Singly ionized lutetium has recently been suggested as a potential clock candidate. Here we report a joint experimental and theoretical investigation of ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{+}$. Measurements relevant to practical clock operation are made and compared to atomic structure calculations. Calculations of scalar and tensor polarizabilities for clock states over a range of wavelengths are also given. These results will be useful for future work with this clock candidate.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.93.042112

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Atoms•Nov 10, 2020•4 citations
Singly ionized lutetium has recently been suggested as a potential clock candidate. Here we report a joint experimental and theoretical investigation of Lu+{\mathrm{Lu}}^{+}Lu+. Measurements relevant to practical clock operation are made and compared to atomic structure calculations. Calculations of scalar and tensor polarizabilities for clock states over a range of wavelengths are also given. These results will be useful for future work with this clock candidate.
Abstract The accuracy of state-of-the-art atomic clocks is derived from the insensitivity of narrow optical atomic resonances to environmental perturbations. Two such resonances in singly ionized lutetium have been identified with potentially lower sensitivities compared to other clock candidates. Here we report measurement of the most significant unknown atomic property of both transitions, the static differential scalar polarizability. From this, the fractional blackbody radiation shift for one of the transitions is found to be −1.36(9) × 10−18 at 300 K, the lowest of any established optical atomic clock. In consideration of leading systematic effects common to all ion clocks, both transitions compare favorably to the most accurate ion-based clocks reported to date. This work firmly establishes Lu+ as a promising candidate for a future generation of more accurate optical atomic clocks.
We carry out relativistic many-body calculations of the static and dynamic dipole polarizabilities of the ground 6s 2 1 S 0 and the first excited 6s6p 3 P o 0 states of Yb. With these polarizabilities, we compute several properties of Yb relevant to optical lattice clocks operating on the 6s 2 1 S 0 –6s6p 3 P o 0 transition. We determine (i) the first four magic wavelengths of the laser field for which the frequency of the clock transition is insensitive to the laser intensity. While the first magic wavelength is known, we predict the second, the third and the fourth magic wavelengths to be 551 nm, 465 nm and 413 nm. (ii) We re-evaluate the effect of black-body radiation on the frequency of the clock transition, the resulting clock shift at T = 300 K being −1.41(17) Hz. (iii) We compute long-range interatomic van der Waals coefficients (in a.u.) C 6 (6s 2 1 S 0 + 6s 2 1 S 0 ) = 1909(160), C 6 (6s 2 1 S 0 + 6s6p 3 P 0 ) = 2709(338) and C 6 (6s6p 3 P 0 + 6s6p 3 P 0 ) = 3886(360). Finally, we determine the atom-wall interaction coefficients (in a.u.), C 3 (6s 2 1 S 0 ) = 3.34 and C 3 (6s6p 3 P 0 ) = 3.68. We also address and resolve a disagreement between previous calculations of the static polarizability of the ground state.
The present work tests the suitability of the narrow transitions $7s\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}^{2}S_{1∕2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6d\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}^{2}D_{3∕2}$ and $7s\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}^{2}S_{1∕2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6d\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}^{2}D_{5∕2}$ in Ra+{\mathrm{Ra}}^{+}Ra+ for optical frequency standard studies. Our calculations of the lifetimes of the metastable 6d6d6d states using the relativistic coupled-cluster theory suggest that they are sufficiently long for Ra+{\mathrm{Ra}}^{+}Ra+ to be considered as a potential candidate for an atomic clock. This is further corroborated by our studies of the hyperfine interactions, dipole and quadrupole polarizabilities, and quadrupole moments of the appropriate states of this system.
We investigate the feasibility of precision frequency metrology with large ion crystals. For clock candidates with a negative differential static polarizability, we show that micromotion effects should not impede the performance of the clock. Using Lu+{\mathrm{Lu}}^{+}Lu+ as a specific example, we show that quadrupole shifts due to the electric fields from neighboring ions do not significantly affect clock performance. We also show that effects from the tensor polarizability can be effectively managed with a compensation laser at least for a small number of ions ($\ensuremath{\lesssim}{10}^{3}$). These results provide new possibilities for ion-based atomic clocks, allowing them to achieve stability levels comparable to neutral atoms in optical lattices and a viable path to greater levels of accuracy.
Active clocks could provide better stabilities during initial stages of measurements over passive clocks, in which stabilities become saturated only after long-term measurements. This unique feature of an active clock has led to search for suitable candidates to construct such clocks. The other challenging task of an atomic clock is to reduce its possible systematics. A major part of the optical lattice atomic clocks based on neutral atoms are reduced by trapping atoms at the magic wavelengths of the optical lattice lasers. Keeping this in mind, we find the magic wavelengths between all possible hyperfine levels of the transitions in Rb and Cs atoms that were earlier considered to be suitable for making optical active clocks. To validate the results, we give the static dipole polarizabilities of Rb and Cs atoms using the electric dipole transition amplitudes that are used to evaluate the dynamic dipole polarizabilities and compare them with the available literature values.