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arXiv:1601.07450 · Physical Review A

Quantitative relations between measurement incompatibility, quantum steering, and nonlocality

Daniel Cavalcanti, Paul Skrzypczyk

Published May 17, 2016• 111 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The certification of Bell nonlocality or quantum steering implies the use of incompatible measurements. Here we make this connection quantitative. We show how to strengthen robustness-based steering and nonlocality quantifiers in order that they give strong lower bounds to previously proposed incompatibility quantifiers. Our results can be seen from two perspectives. On the one hand, they can be used to estimate how much steering or nonlocality can be demonstrated with a given set of measurements. On the other hand, they give one-sided device-independent and device-independent ways of estimating measurement incompatibility.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.93.052112

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The certification of Bell nonlocality or quantum steering implies the use of incompatible measurements. Here we make this connection quantitative. We show how to strengthen robustness-based steering and nonlocality quantifiers in order that they give strong lower bounds to previously proposed incompatibility quantifiers. Our results can be seen from two perspectives. On the one hand, they can be used to estimate how much steering or nonlocality can be demonstrated with a given set of measurements. On the other hand, they give one-sided device-independent and device-independent ways of estimating measurement incompatibility.
In contrast with classical physics, in quantum physics some sets of measurements are incompatible in the sense that they cannot be performed simultaneously. Among other applications, incompatibility allows for contextuality and Bell nonlocality. This makes it of crucial importance to develop tools for certifying whether a set of measurements respects a certain structure of incompatibility. Here we show that, for quantum or nonsignaling models, if the measurements employed in a Bell test satisfy a given type of compatibility, then the amount of violation of some specific Bell inequalities becomes limited. Then, we show that correlations arising from local measurements on two-qubit states violate these limits, which rules out in a device-independent way such structures of incompatibility. In particular, we prove that quantum correlations allow for a device-independent demonstration of genuine triplewise incompatibility. Finally, we translate these results into a semidevice-independent Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-steering scenario.
Incompatible measurements, i.e., measurements that cannot be simultaneously performed, are necessary to observe nonlocal correlations. It is natural to ask, e.g., how incompatible the measurements have to be to achieve a certain violation of a Bell inequality. In this paper, we provide the direct link between Bell nonlocality and the quantification of measurement incompatibility. This includes quantifiers for both incompatible and genuine-multipartite incompatible measurements. Our method straightforwardly generalizes to include constraints on the system's dimension (semi-device-independent approach) and on projective measurements, providing improved bounds on incompatibility quantifiers, and to include the prepare-and-measure scenario.
We investigate the relation between the incompatibility of quantum measurements and quantum nonlocality. We show that a set of measurements is not jointly measurable (i.e., incompatible) if and only if it can be used for demonstrating Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering, a form of quantum nonlocality. Moreover, we discuss the connection between Bell nonlocality and joint measurability, and give evidence that both notions are inequivalent. Specifically, we exhibit a set of incompatible quantum measurements and show that it does not violate a large class of Bell inequalities. This suggests the existence of incompatible quantum measurements which are Bell local, similarly to certain entangled states which admit a local hidden variable model.
It has been recently shown that measurement incompatibility and fine grained uncertainty—a particular form of preparation uncertainty relation—are deeply related to the nonlocal feature of quantum mechanics. In particular, the degree of measurement incompatibility in a no-signaling theory determines the bound on the violation of Bell-CHSH inequality, and a similar role is also played by (fine-grained) uncertainty along with steering, a subtle non-local phenomenon. We review these connections, along with comments on the difference in the roles played by measurement incompatibility and uncertainty. We also discuss why the toy model of Spekkens (Phys. Rev. A 75, 032110 (2007)) shows no nonlocal feature even though steering is present in this theory.
Quantum steering captures the ability of one party, through local measurements on a shared entangled state, to affect the conditional states held by distant parties in a way that admits no local explanation. Its device-independent (DI) quantification -- requiring no characterization of any state or measurement -- has been developed in the bipartite setting, notably through the framework of assemblage moment matrices (AMMs) [Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 240401 (2016)], but has remained largely unexplored beyond it. Here, we extend the AMM framework to tripartite steering, covering both the scenario in which two parties jointly steer a third one (2-steer-1) and that in which a single party steers the remaining two (1-steer-2). For each scheme, we construct a semidefinite program that, from the observed correlations -- or merely from the violation of a Bell inequality -- yields lower bounds on the steering robustness of the underlying assemblage. As a by-product, our bounds also certify, in a DI manner, the incompatibility of the measurements performed by the steering parties.