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arXiv:1601.07347 · Science

Deterministic generation of multiparticle entanglement by quantum Zeno dynamics

Giovanni Barontini, Leander Hohmann, Florian Haas, Jérôme Estève, Jakob Reichel

Published Sep 18, 2015• 129 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Multiparticle entangled quantum states, a key resource in quantum-enhanced metrology and computing, are usually generated by coherent operations exclusively. However, unusual forms of quantum dynamics can be obtained when environment coupling is used as part of the state generation. In this work, we used quantum Zeno dynamics (QZD), based on nondestructive measurement with an optical microcavity, to deterministically generate different multiparticle entangled states in an ensemble of 36 qubit atoms in less than 5 microseconds. We characterized the resulting states by performing quantum tomography, yielding a time-resolved account of the entanglement generation. In addition, we studied the dependence of quantum states on measurement strength and quantified the depth of entanglement. Our results show that QZD is a versatile tool for fast and deterministic entanglement generation in quantum engineering applications.

DOI
10.1126/science.aaa0754

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Multiparticle entangled quantum states, a key resource in quantum-enhanced metrology and computing, are usually generated by coherent operations exclusively. However, unusual forms of quantum dynamics can be obtained when environment coupling is used as part of the state generation. In this work, we used quantum Zeno dynamics (QZD), based on nondestructive measurement with an optical microcavity, to deterministically generate different multiparticle entangled states in an ensemble of 36 qubit atoms in less than 5 microseconds. We characterized the resulting states by performing quantum tomography, yielding a time-resolved account of the entanglement generation. In addition, we studied the dependence of quantum states on measurement strength and quantified the depth of entanglement. Our results show that QZD is a versatile tool for fast and deterministic entanglement generation in quantum engineering applications.
By using quantum Zeno dynamics, we propose a controllable approach to deterministically generate tripartite GHZ states for three atoms trapped in spatially separated cavities. The nearest-neighbored cavities are connected via optical fibers and the atoms trapped in two ends are tunably driven. The generation of the GHZ state can be implemented by only one step manipulation, and the EPR entanglement between the atoms in two ends can be further realized deterministically by Von Neumann measurement on the middle atom. Note that the duration of the quantum Zeno dynamics is controllable by switching on/off the applied external classical drivings and the desirable tripartite GHZ state will no longer evolve once it is generated. The robustness of the proposal is numerically demonstrated by considering various decoherence factors, including atomic spontaneous emissions, cavity decays and fiber photon leakages, etc. Our proposal can be directly generalized to generate multipartite entanglement by still driving the atoms in two ends.
A scheme is proposed for the generation of a three-dimensional entangled state for two atoms trapped in a cavity via quantum Zeno dynamics. Because the scheme is based on the resonant interaction, the time required to produce entanglement is very short compared with the dispersive protocols. We show that the resulting effective dynamics allows for the creation of robust qutrit-qutrit entanglement. The influence of various decoherence processes such as spontaneous emission and photon loss on the fidelity of the entangled state is investigated. Numerical results show that the scheme is robust against the cavity decay since the evolution of the system is restricted to a subspace with null-excitation cavity fields. Furthermore, the present scheme has been generalized to realize NNN-dimensional entanglement for two atoms.
In this thesis, we show how an optical microcavity setup can create multiparticle entanglement in an ensemble of neutral atoms by means of quantum Zeno dynamics (QZD).Our setup combines an atom chip with a fibre Fabry-Perot (FFP) resonator and allows us to load an ensemble of Rb87 atoms into a single node of an intracavity dipole trap, coupling the atoms strongly and identically to the cavity light field which enables us to perform a quantum non-destructive measurement of their collective state.We realise QZD by modifying the dynamics of the collective state (encoded in atomic hyperfine states addressed with MW radiation) by means of frequent cavity measurements at optical frequency. This QZD is shown to create multiparticle entanglement in a fast and deterministic scheme. To analyse the created states, we reconstruct the symmetric part of the atomic density matrix from 2d measurements of the ensemble's Husimi Q-distribution. We give a time-resolved account of the creation of states with at least 3-11 entangled atoms and fidelity of up to 0.37 with respect to a W state of 36 atoms. Studying the influence of measurement strength and experimental imperfections, we show that our experiments are well described by simple models with no free parameters.This thesis also presents work towards improved FFP cavities. We discuss the problem of frequency splitting of polarisation eigenmodes in cavities made from two fibres microfabricated with a CO2 laser. We show that this effect depends on the symmetry of the microfabricated structures and demonstrate that it can be controlled both at the level of fabrication and when assembling a cavity.
We study the two-particle quantum Zeno dynamics with a type of nondeterministic collective measurement whose outcome indicates whether the two-particle state has been collapsed to $\ensuremath{\mid}11⟩$. Such a threshold detection, when used continuously, can lead to nontrivial quantum dynamics. We show that such type of dynamics can be used to produce quantum entanglement almost deterministically. We then numerically show the robustness of the method and we find that the operational errors of the small-angle rotations do not accumulate. We also propose a possible implementation using superconducting flux qubits.
Quantum entanglement represents a fundamental resource for quantum information processing, yet the dynamics of multi-photon entangled systems remain inadequately characterized for practical quantum computing applications. This research investigates the generation, manipulation, and characterization of entangled states involving two to eight photons using spontaneous parametric down-conversion techniques. Through theoretical analysis and numerical simulations, we developed a comprehensive framework that quantifies entanglement fidelity, decoherence rates, and Bell inequality violations across various multi-photon configurations. Our findings reveal that entanglement fidelity decreases exponentially with increasing photon number, exhibiting a decay constant of 0.087±0.012 per additional qubit in optical systems. The research demonstrates significant variations in decoherence times across different physical implementations, with ion trap systems maintaining coherence 1.7 times longer than photonic platforms for equivalent qubit numbers. We established mathematical relationships between system parameters and entanglement quality metrics, identifying critical thresholds for fault-tolerant quantum gate operations. The theoretical framework incorporates realistic noise models, environmental coupling mechanisms, and measurement-induced perturbations that affect practical implementations. Our analysis indicates that five-photon entangled states maintain sufficient fidelity (>83.5%) for error-corrected quantum algorithms when decoherence times exceed 75 microseconds. These results provide essential guidelines for designing scalable quantum processors and establishing benchmarks for experimental validation of multi-qubit entanglement protocols.
We propose a scheme for generating a four-dimensional entanglement between two atoms trapped in two separate cavities connected by an optical fiber. Based on quantum Zeno dynamics, the entangled state is obtained only in one step. We also numerically investigate the influence of photon leakage and atomic spontaneous emission on the fidelity of the entangled state. The result shows that our scheme is robust against the cavity decay and very promising for realization with current experimental technology.