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arXiv:1601.04425 · Optics Letters

Non-destructive shadowgraph imaging of ultra-cold atoms

P. B. Wigley, P. J. Everitt, K. S. Hardman, Michael Hush, C. H. Wei, M. A. Sooriyabandara, P. Manju, J. D. Close, Nicholas P. Robins, C. C. N. Kuhn

Published Oct 10, 2016• 33 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

An imaging system is presented that is capable of far-detuned non-destructive imaging of a Bose-Einstein condensate with the signal proportional to the second spatial derivative of the density. Whilst demonstrated with application to Rb85, the technique generalizes to other atomic species and is shown to be capable of a signal-to-noise of ∼25 at 1 GHz detuning with 100 in-trap images showing no observable heating or atom loss. The technique is also applied to the observation of individual trajectories of stochastic dynamics inaccessible to single shot imaging. Coupled with a fast optical phase locked loop, the system is capable of dynamically switching to resonant absorption imaging during the experiment.

DOI
10.1364/ol.41.004795

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An imaging system is presented that is capable of far-detuned non-destructive imaging of a Bose-Einstein condensate with the signal proportional to the second spatial derivative of the density. Whilst demonstrated with application to Rb85, the technique generalizes to other atomic species and is shown to be capable of a signal-to-noise of ∼25 at 1 GHz detuning with 100 in-trap images showing no observable heating or atom loss. The technique is also applied to the observation of individual trajectories of stochastic dynamics inaccessible to single shot imaging. Coupled with a fast optical phase locked loop, the system is capable of dynamically switching to resonant absorption imaging during the experiment.
We describe an easily implementable method for non-destructive measurements of ultracold atomic clouds based on dark field imaging of spatially resolved Faraday rotation. The signal-to-noise ratio is analyzed theoretically and, in the absence of experimental imperfections, the sensitivity limit is found to be identical to other conventional dispersive imaging techniques. The dependence on laser detuning, atomic density, and temperature is characterized in a detailed comparison with theory. Due to low destructiveness, spatially resolved images of the same cloud can be acquired up to 2000 times. The technique is applied to avoid the effect of shot-to-shot fluctuations in atom number calibration, to demonstrate single-run vector magnetic field imaging and single-run spatial imaging of the system's dynamic behavior. This demonstrates that the method is a useful tool for the characterization of static and dynamically changing properties of ultracold atomic clouds.
This paper presents a minimally-destructive imaging technique based on a combination of phase contrast and Faraday rotation imaging used to continuously observe a condensate of 85 Rb. We demonstrate that the technique is capable of imaging a small sample of only 10 4 atoms up to 100 times with negligible decreases in atom number and no observable heating. At approximately 1GHz detuning, the SNR remains at approximately 7 for all 100 images, with a 22ms TOF absorption image confirming the survival of the condensate. The splitting of the magnetic sublevels of this species at such fields show non-trivial selection rules. We present experimental data outlining particular allowed transitions in this regime.
A simple experimental method is demonstrated to spatially and non-destructively image spin states in a BEC of sodium-23. The birefringeant properties of the spin -1 and spin 0 states of the F=1 ground are used in combination with phase-contrast imaging to create a linear combination of two images taken in quick succession. We show that in the high detuning/low density limit the created linear combination is proportional to the density of either spin -1 or spin 0 states. The technique is used to estimate the spin drag coefficient of a spin -1 and spin 0 domains moving through in FORT under the influence of a spin dependent force.
Ultracold neutral atoms in an optical lattice and an optical tweezer array offer highly-controllable quantum many-body systems, utilized for various quantum science and technology such as quantum computing, quantum metrology, and quantum simulation. By combining high-fidelity imaging of individual atoms, one can further enhance the capability of such experimental platforms as quantum gas microscopes, tweezer clocks, and tweezer-array-based quantum computers. In this work, we propose a minimally destructive single-atom imaging by deterministic coherent excitation of atoms with alternately applied pi-pulses from counter-propagating directions, mitigating the fundamental heating effect associated with the stochastic absorption process. Using ytterbium-174 atoms trapped in an optical tweezer array, we experimentally demonstrate fast and low-loss single-atom imaging with a discrimination fidelity of 99.89(5) % and a survival probability of 98.80(44) % in 17.6 microseconds. Importantly, our scheme exhibits the lower heating rate, about half of that of the former scheme utilizing the incoherent excitation. This fast and minimally destructive imaging scheme is beneficial for relaxing the requirement on the trap depth, thereby enabling scalable atom imaging across a wide range of quantum science platforms.
The imaging of neutral atoms confined in an optical lattice has been demonstrated by a number of groups, resolving single fluorescing atoms in samples of hundreds of atoms. To obtain a high signal the atoms remain confined in the wells of a deep optical lattice whilst fluorescence excitation light is applied for high resolution imaging. In most cases, the excitation light frequency is chosen so that there is a concomitant laser cooling effect. In existing implementations of an imaging lattice the preceding manipulation stage has used optical trapping and manipulation. In this thesis I describe work towards applying this imaging lattice technique on a magnetic trapping apparatus, in particular for carrying out quantum simulation experiments. An introduction to the specific challenge of performing a quantum simulation of the fractional quantum Hall effect is given, with the link to and nature of the imaging lattice technique explained. The existing quantum-gas machine that has been developed to produce Bose-Einstein condensates of 87Rb in this work is then described, including the new optical lattice subsystem and the associated diode laser system. An auxiliary project to develop a servo-control system for frequencies that are several GHz away from an atomic reference is presented. We implement an optical lattice using laser light with a frequency detuning of -20 GHz below the D1-resonance line. The construction and geometry of the individual dipole trapping beams in combination with our existing apparatus is discussed as well as the alignment methods used. We confirm the presence of three independent 1D lattices through diffraction, and observe the decay of a BEC loaded into a lattice using absorption imaging. We observe good long-term alignment and operational stability of the optical lattice. This system will enable us to ultimately detect single fluorescing atoms in the optical lattice, following the application of excitation light co-propogating with lattice beams, via an imaging system with a moderate numerical aperture of 0:27.
Research into Bose-Einstein condensates is currently a thriving field in physics. Much of the experimental research involves the detection of cold atom clouds under various conditions. Consequently, the fundamental and technical limitations of the imaging techniques and technologies utilized will have a dramatic influence on the results of these experiments. Therefore a detailed analysis of the restrictions on a Bose-Einstein condensate imaging system is overdue and will facilitate further developments in the field due to an increase in the signal to noise ratio; hence a greater level of detail available in experimental images. ¶ The work carried out in this thesis focuses on the properties of absorption imaging techniques, in the quest for an optimized imaging system. Optimization was proposed to be achieved through maximization of the signal to noise ratio by any and all means available. A detailed investigation of the diverse influences on the signal to noise ratio was performed with a focus on eliminating technical restrictions and minimizing fundamental constraints. By studying a 2f - absorption imaging system the maximal signal to noise ratio of 35 was calculated. This corresponded to imaging a cloud of 105 87Rb atoms in a (50 micron) square box with a 31.8MHz detuned, 780nm laser at an intensity of 570W/(m.m) for 35 micro-s. These optimal imaging parameters correspond to our imaging system being limited by the well depth of our detector, not by a fundamental physical process. Furthermore, current experimental noise is identified as the most significant inhibitor to the achievement of an optimized absorption image. ¶ This study represents a first analysis of the quality of current Bose-Einstein condensate imaging techniques and limitations.