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arXiv:1511.08819 · Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Entanglement negativity in two-dimensional free lattice models

Viktor Eisler, Zoltán Zimborás

Published Mar 31, 2016• 72 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We study the scaling properties of the ground-state entanglement between finite subsystems of infinite two-dimensional free lattice models, as measured by the logarithmic negativity. For adjacent regions with a common boundary, we observe that the negativity follows a strict area law for a lattice of harmonic oscillators, whereas for fermionic hopping models the numerical results indicate a multiplicative logarithmic correction. In this latter case we conjecture a formula for the prefactor of the area-law violating term, which is entirely determined by the geometries of the Fermi surface and the boundary between the subsystems. The conjecture is tested against numerical results and a good agreement is found.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.93.115148

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We study the scaling properties of the ground-state entanglement between finite subsystems of infinite two-dimensional free lattice models, as measured by the logarithmic negativity. For adjacent regions with a common boundary, we observe that the negativity follows a strict area law for a lattice of harmonic oscillators, whereas for fermionic hopping models the numerical results indicate a multiplicative logarithmic correction. In this latter case we conjecture a formula for the prefactor of the area-law violating term, which is entirely determined by the geometries of the Fermi surface and the boundary between the subsystems. The conjecture is tested against numerical results and a good agreement is found.
Abstract We study the logarithmic negativity and the moments of the partial transpose in the ground state of a two dimensional massless harmonic square lattice with nearest neighbour interactions for various configurations of adjacent domains. At leading order for large domains, the logarithmic negativity and the logarithm of the ratio between the generic moment of the partial transpose and the moment of the reduced density matrix at the same order satisfy an area law in terms of the length of the curve shared by the adjacent regions. We give numerical evidence that the coefficient of the area law term in these quantities is related to the coefficient of the area law term in the Rényi entropies. Whenever the curve shared by the adjacent domains contains vertices, a subleading logarithmic term occurs in these quantities and the numerical values of the corner function for some pairs of angles are obtained. In the special case of vertices corresponding to explementary angles, we provide numerical evidence that the corner function of the logarithmic negativity is given by the corner function of the Rényi entropy of order 1/2.
Abstract The entanglement entropy of free fermions with a Fermi surface is known to obey a logarithmic scaling and violate the area law in all dimensions. Here, we would like to see how temperature affects the logarithmic scaling behavior. To this end, we compute the entanglement negativity of free fermions using the fermionic partial transpose developed in our earlier paper (Shapourian et al 2017 Phys. Rev . B 95 165101). In one dimension, we analytically derive the leading order term in the finite-temperature entanglement negativity and show how the entanglement negativity indicates a crossover from a quantum entangled state to a classical thermal state, where the entanglement is completely lost. We explain how the one-dimensional result can be generalized to codimension-one Fermi surface of arbitrary shape in higher dimensions. In both one and two dimensions, we check that our analytical results agree with the numerical simulation of free fermions on a lattice.
We study bipartite entanglement entropies in the ground and excited states of free-fermion models, where a staggered potential, μs, induces a gap in the spectrum. Ground-state entanglement entropies satisfy the "area law", and the "area-law" coefficient is found to diverge as a logarithm of the staggered potential, when the system has an extended Fermi surface at μs=0. On the square lattice, we show that the coefficient of the logarithmic divergence depends on the Fermi surface geometry and its orientation with respect to the real-space interface between subsystems and is related to the Widom conjecture as enunciated by Gioev and Klich [ Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 100503 (2006)]. For point Fermi surfaces in two-dimension, the "area-law" coefficient stays finite as μs→0. The von Neumann entanglement entropy associated with the excited states follows a "volume law" and allows us to calculate an entropy density function sV(e), which is substantially different from the thermodynamic entropy density function sT(e), when the lattice is bipartitioned into two equal subsystems but approaches the thermodynamic entropy density as the fraction of sites in the larger subsystem, that is integrated out, approaches unity.
We construct a contour function for the logarithmic negativity and the logarithm of the moments of the partial transpose of the reduced density matrix for multimode bosonic Gaussian states of a free lattice model. In one spatial dimension, numerical results are obtained for harmonic chains either in the ground state or at finite temperature, by considering, respectively, either a subsystem made by two adjacent or disjoint blocks on the line or a bipartition of the circle. The contour function of the logarithmic negativity diverges only at the entangling points, while the contour function for the logarithm of the moments of the partial transpose is divergent also at the boundary of the bipartite subsystem, as functions of the position. In a two-dimensional conformal field theory, analytic expressions that describe these divergencies are discussed. In one spatial dimension, we explore the partial derivative of the logarithmic negativity of two adjacent intervals with respect to the logarithm of the harmonic ratio of their lengths while their ratio and the other parameters are kept fixed. Considering the ground state of the harmonic chain on the line and in the massive regime, we report numerical results showing that this quantity displays a monotonically decreasing behaviour.
The entanglement entropy of a noninteracting fermionic system confined to a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice on a torus is calculated. We find that the entanglement entropy can characterize Lifshitz phase transitions without a local order parameter. In the noncritical phase and critical phase with a nodal Fermi surface, the entanglement entropy satisfies an area law. The leading subarea term is a constant in the gapped phase rather than a logarithmic additive term in the gapless regime. The tuning of chemical potential allows for a nonzero Fermi surface, whose variation along a particular direction determines a logarithmic violation of the area law. We perform the scaling of entanglement entropy numerically and find agreement between the analytic and numerical results. Furthermore, we clearly show that an entanglement spectrum is equivalent to an edge spectrum.
We study the entanglement negativity for the free, scalar chiral current in two spacetime dimensions, which is a simple model violating the Haag duality in regions with nontrivial topology. For the ground state of the system, both on the line and on the circle, we consider the setups given by two intervals, either adjacent or disjoint. We find analytic expressions for the moments of the partial transpose of the reduced density matrix and the logarithmic negativity. In the limit of small separation distance, this expression yields the same subleading topological contribution occurring in the mutual information. In the limit of large separation distance between the two intervals, the exponential decay of the logarithmic negativity is obtained from its analytic expression. The analytic formulas are checked against exact numerical results from a bosonic lattice model, finding a perfect agreement. We observe that, since the chiral current generates the neutral subalgebra of the full chiral Dirac fermion theory, this analysis highlights how symmetries produce nontrivial features in the entanglement structure that are analogue to those ones already observed in the mutual information for regions with nontrivial topology.