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arXiv:1511.02028 · Nuclear Physics B

Hagedorn transition and topological entanglement entropy

Fen Zuo, Yi-hong Gao

Published Apr 30, 2016• 4 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Induced by the Hagedorn instability, weakly-coupled U(N) gauge theories on a compact manifold exhibit a confinement/deconfinement phase transition in the large-N limit. Recently we discover that the thermal entropy of a free theory on S3 gets reduced by a universal constant term, −N2/4, compared to that from completely deconfined colored states. This entropy deficit is due to the persistence of Gauss's law, and actually independent of the shape of the manifold. In this paper we show that this universal term can be identified as the topological entangle entropy both in the corresponding 4+1D bulk theory and the dimensionally reduced theory. First, entanglement entropy in the bulk theory contains the so-called “particle” contribution on the entangling surface, which naturally gives rise to an area-law term. The topological term results from the Gauss's constraint of these surface states. Secondly, the high-temperature limit also defines a dimensionally reduced theory. We calculate the geometric entropy in the reduced theory explicitly, and find that it is given by the same constant term after subtracting the leading term of O(β−1). The two procedures are then applied to the confining phase, by extending the temperature to the complex plane. Generalizing the recently proposed 2D modular description to an arbitrary matter content, we show the leading local term is missing and no topological term could be definitely isolated. For the special case of N=4 super Yang–Mills theory, the results obtained here are compared with that at strong coupling from the holographic derivation.

DOI
10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2016.04.037

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•Sep 15, 2016•0 citations
Induced by the Hagedorn instability, weakly-coupled U(N) gauge theories on a compact manifold exhibit a confinement/deconfinement phase transition in the large-N limit. Recently we discover that the thermal entropy of a free theory on S3 gets reduced by a universal constant term, −N2/4, compared to that from completely deconfined colored states. This entropy deficit is due to the persistence of Gauss's law, and actually independent of the shape of the manifold. In this paper we show that this universal term can be identified as the topological entangle entropy both in the corresponding 4+1D bulk theory and the dimensionally reduced theory. First, entanglement entropy in the bulk theory contains the so-called “particle” contribution on the entangling surface, which naturally gives rise to an area-law term. The topological term results from the Gauss's constraint of these surface states. Secondly, the high-temperature limit also defines a dimensionally reduced theory. We calculate the geometric entropy in the reduced theory explicitly, and find that it is given by the same constant term after subtracting the leading term of O(β−1). The two procedures are then applied to the confining phase, by extending the temperature to the complex plane. Generalizing the recently proposed 2D modular description to an arbitrary matter content, we show the leading local term is missing and no topological term could be definitely isolated. For the special case of N=4 super Yang–Mills theory, the results obtained here are compared with that at strong coupling from the holographic derivation.
We propose a novel prescription for calculating the entanglement entropy of the S U ( N ) Yang-Mills gauge theories on the lattice under the strong coupling expansion in powers of β = 2 N / g 2 , where g is the coupling constant. Using the replica method, our Lagrangian formalism maintains gauge invariance on the lattice. At O ( β 2 ) and O ( β 3 ) , the entanglement entropy is solely contributed by the central plaquettes enclosing the conical singularity of the n -sheeted Riemann surface. The area law emerges naturally to the highest order O ( β 3 ) of our calculation. The leading O ( β ) term is negative, which could in principle be canceled by taking into account the “cosmological constant” living in interface of the two entangled subregions. This unknown cosmological constant resembles the ambiguity of edge modes in the Hamiltonian formalism. We further speculate this unknown cosmological constant can show up in the entanglement entropy of scalar and spinor field theories as well. Furthermore, it could play the role of a counterterm to absorb the ultraviolet divergence of entanglement entropy and make entanglement entropy a finite physical quantity.
We compute the Entanglement Entropy (EE) of a bipartition in 2D pure non-abelian U(N) gauge theory. We obtain a general expression for EE on an arbitrary Riemann surface. We find that due to area-preserving diffeomorphism symmetry EE does not depend on the size of the subsystem, but only on the number of disjoint intervals defining the bipartition. In the strong coupling limit on a torus we find that the scaling of the EE at small temperature is given by S(T)−S(0)=O(mgapTe−mgapT), which is similar to the scaling for the matter fields recently derived in literature. In the large N limit we compute all of the Renyi entropies and identify the Douglas–Kazakov phase transition.
Abstract Entropy is a quantity for counting physical degrees of freedom in a system. At a finite temperature, one can use thermal entropy to study thermodynamical properties. At zero temperature, entanglement entropy is expected to provide a suitable order parameter of a phase structure. Especially, the entanglement entropy exhibits an interesting codimension two area law in a strongly coupled conformal field theory. We compute thermal entropy in a non-relativistic model with an infinite fermion mass limit from an exact effective potential to obtain thermal entropy at an infinite strong coupling limit. The computational result provides vanishing thermal entropy at an infinite strong coupling limit with a finite lattice spacing. The non-trivial topological term can be included in the strongly coupled lattice system to obtain the non-trivial entropy and the topology can be marked from the entropy. We first compute the thermal entropy in a two-dimensional (2D) lattice topological quantum field theory to study the lattice artifact and also argue that a theory possibly has translational invariance if a system does not have a volume law in the entanglement entropy. Finally, we show that a coefficient of a universal term of the entanglement entropy should not be affected by a choice of an entangling surface in 2D conformal field theory for one interval case. We also discuss a choice of the entangling surface in the entanglement entropy in 2D model at the large N limit.
Abstract We compute the topological entanglement entropy for a large set of lattice models in d-dimensions. It is well known that many such quantum systems can be constructed out of lattice gauge models. For dimensionality higher than two, there are generalizations going beyond gauge theories, which are called higher gauge theories and rely on higher-order generalizations of groups. Our main concern is a large class of d-dimensional quantum systems derived from Abelian higher gauge theories. In this paper, we derive a general formula for the bipartition entanglement entropy for this class of models, and from it we extract both the area law and the sub-leading terms, which explicitly depend on the topology of the entangling surface. We show that the entanglement entropy SA in a sub-region A is proportional to log (GSDA~) \left({GSD}_{\tilde{A}}\right) (GSDA~​) GSD A ˜ , where GSDA~ {GSD}_{\tilde{A}} GSDA~​ GSD A ˜ is the ground state degeneracy of a particular restriction of the full model to A. The quantity GSDA~ {GSD}_{\tilde{A}} GSDA~​ GSD A ˜ can be further divided into a contribution that scales with the size of the boundary ∂A and a term which depends on the topology of ∂A. There is also a topological contribution coming from A itself, that may be non-zero when A has a non-trivial homology. We present some examples and discuss how the topology of A affects the topological entropy. Our formalism allows us to do most of the calculation for arbitrary dimension d. The result is in agreement with entanglement calculations for known topological models.
We study the entanglement entropy of gapped phases of matter in three spatial dimensions. We focus in particular on size-independent contributions to the entropy across entanglement surfaces of arbitrary topologies. We show that for low energy fixed-point theories, the constant part of the entanglement entropy across any surface can be reduced to a linear combination of the entropies across a sphere and a torus. We first derive our results using strong sub-additivity inequalities along with assumptions about the entanglement entropy of fixed-point models, and identify the topological contribution by considering the renormalization group flow; in this way we give an explicit definition of topological entanglement entropy Stopo{S}_{\mathrm{topo}}Stopo​ in (3+1)D, which sharpens previous results. We illustrate our results using several concrete examples and independent calculations, and show adding ``twist'' terms to the Lagrangian can change Stopo{S}_{\mathrm{topo}}Stopo​ in (3+1)D. For the generalized Walker-Wang models, we find that the ground state degeneracy on a 3-torus is given by $exp(\ensuremath{-}3{S}_{\mathrm{topo}}[{T}^{2}])$ in terms of the topological entanglement entropy across a 2-torus. We conjecture that a similar relationship holds for Abelian theories in (d+1)(d+1)(d+1) dimensional spacetime, with the ground state degeneracy on the ddd-torus given by $exp(\ensuremath{-}d{S}_{\mathrm{topo}}[{T}^{d\ensuremath{-}1}])$.
Entropy is a quantity for counting physical degrees of freedom in a system. At a finite temperature, one can use thermal entropy to study thermodynamical properties. At zero temperature, entanglement entropy is expected to provide a suitable order parameter of a phase structure. Especially, the entanglement entropy exhibits an interesting codimension two area law in a strongly coupled conformal field theory. We compute thermal entropy in a non-relativistic model with an infinite fermion mass limit from an exact effective potential to obtain thermal entropy at an infinite strong coupling limit. The computational result provides vanishing thermal entropy at an infinite strong coupling limit with a finite lattice spacing. The non-trivial topological term can be included in the strongly coupled lattice system to obtain the non-trivial entropy and the topology can be marked from the entropy. We first compute the thermal entropy in a two dimensional lattice topological quantum field theory to study the lattice artifact and also argue that a theory possibly has translational invariance if a system does not have a volume law in the entanglement entropy. Finally, we show that a coefficient of a universal term of the entanglement entropy should not be affected by a choice of an entangling surface in two dimensional conformal field theory for one interval case. We also discuss a choice of the entangling surface in the entanglement entropy in two dimensional CPN−1\mathrm{CP}^{N-1}CPN−1 model at the large NNN limit.