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arXiv:1907.01608 · Journal of High Energy Physics

Topological entanglement entropy in d-dimensions for Abelian higher gauge theories

J.P. Ibieta-Jimenez, M. Petrucci, L.N. Queiroz Xavier, P. Teotonio-Sobrinho

Published Mar 1, 2020• 12 citations
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Abstract

Abstract We compute the topological entanglement entropy for a large set of lattice models in d-dimensions. It is well known that many such quantum systems can be constructed out of lattice gauge models. For dimensionality higher than two, there are generalizations going beyond gauge theories, which are called higher gauge theories and rely on higher-order generalizations of groups. Our main concern is a large class of d-dimensional quantum systems derived from Abelian higher gauge theories. In this paper, we derive a general formula for the bipartition entanglement entropy for this class of models, and from it we extract both the area law and the sub-leading terms, which explicitly depend on the topology of the entangling surface. We show that the entanglement entropy SA in a sub-region A is proportional to log $$ \left({GSD}_{\tilde{A}}\right) $$ GSD A ˜ , where $$ {GSD}_{\tilde{A}} $$ GSD A ˜ is the ground state degeneracy of a particular restriction of the full model to A. The quantity $$ {GSD}_{\tilde{A}} $$ GSD A ˜ can be further divided into a contribution that scales with the size of the boundary ∂A and a term which depends on the topology of ∂A. There is also a topological contribution coming from A itself, that may be non-zero when A has a non-trivial homology. We present some examples and discuss how the topology of A affects the topological entropy. Our formalism allows us to do most of the calculation for arbitrary dimension d. The result is in agreement with entanglement calculations for known topological models.

DOI
10.1007/jhep03(2020)167

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Abstract We compute the topological entanglement entropy for a large set of lattice models in d-dimensions. It is well known that many such quantum systems can be constructed out of lattice gauge models. For dimensionality higher than two, there are generalizations going beyond gauge theories, which are called higher gauge theories and rely on higher-order generalizations of groups. Our main concern is a large class of d-dimensional quantum systems derived from Abelian higher gauge theories. In this paper, we derive a general formula for the bipartition entanglement entropy for this class of models, and from it we extract both the area law and the sub-leading terms, which explicitly depend on the topology of the entangling surface. We show that the entanglement entropy SA in a sub-region A is proportional to log (GSDA~)\left({GSD}_{\tilde{A}}\right)(GSDA~​) GSD A ˜ , where GSDA~{GSD}_{\tilde{A}}GSDA~​ GSD A ˜ is the ground state degeneracy of a particular restriction of the full model to A. The quantity GSDA~{GSD}_{\tilde{A}}GSDA~​ GSD A ˜ can be further divided into a contribution that scales with the size of the boundary ∂A and a term which depends on the topology of ∂A. There is also a topological contribution coming from A itself, that may be non-zero when A has a non-trivial homology. We present some examples and discuss how the topology of A affects the topological entropy. Our formalism allows us to do most of the calculation for arbitrary dimension d. The result is in agreement with entanglement calculations for known topological models.
We compute topological entanglement entropy for a large set of lattice models in d-dimensions.It is well known that many such quantum systems can be constructed out of lattice gauge models.For dimensionality higher than 2 there are generalizations going beyond gauge theories.They are called higher gauge theories and rely on higher-order generalizations of groups.Our main concern is a large class of d-dimensional quantum systems derived from Abelian higher gauge theories.In this work, we calculate the bipartition entanglement entropy for this class of models.Our formalism allows us to do most of the calculation for arbitrary dimension d.We show that the entanglement entropy S A in a sub-region A is proportional to log(GSD Ã), where GSD Ã is the ground state degeneracy of a particular restriction of the full model to A. When A has the topology of a d-dimensional ball, the GSD Ã counts the number of edge states.In this case, S A scales with the area of the (d -1)-dimensional boundary of A. The precise formula for the entropy we obtain is in agreement with entanglement calculations for known topological models.
We study the entanglement entropy of gapped phases of matter in three spatial dimensions. We focus in particular on size-independent contributions to the entropy across entanglement surfaces of arbitrary topologies. We show that for low energy fixed-point theories, the constant part of the entanglement entropy across any surface can be reduced to a linear combination of the entropies across a sphere and a torus. We first derive our results using strong sub-additivity inequalities along with assumptions about the entanglement entropy of fixed-point models, and identify the topological contribution by considering the renormalization group flow; in this way we give an explicit definition of topological entanglement entropy Stopo{S}_{\mathrm{topo}}Stopo​ in (3+1)D, which sharpens previous results. We illustrate our results using several concrete examples and independent calculations, and show adding ``twist'' terms to the Lagrangian can change Stopo{S}_{\mathrm{topo}}Stopo​ in (3+1)D. For the generalized Walker-Wang models, we find that the ground state degeneracy on a 3-torus is given by $exp(\ensuremath{-}3{S}_{\mathrm{topo}}[{T}^{2}])$ in terms of the topological entanglement entropy across a 2-torus. We conjecture that a similar relationship holds for Abelian theories in (d+1)(d+1)(d+1) dimensional spacetime, with the ground state degeneracy on the ddd-torus given by $exp(\ensuremath{-}d{S}_{\mathrm{topo}}[{T}^{d\ensuremath{-}1}])$.
We discuss entanglement entropy of gapped ground states in different dimensions, obtained on partitioning space into two regions. For trivial phases without topological order, we argue that the entanglement entropy may be obtained by integrating an ``entropy density'' over the partition boundary that admits a gradient expansion in the curvature of the boundary. This constrains the expansion of entanglement entropy as a function of system size and points to an even-odd dependence on dimensionality. For example, in contrast to the familiar result in two dimensions, a size-independent constant contribution to the entanglement entropy can appear for trivial phases in any odd spatial dimension. We then discuss phases with topological entanglement entropy (TEE) that cannot be obtained by adding local contributions. We find that in three dimensions there is just one type of TEE, as in two dimensions, that depends linearly on the number of connected components of the boundary (the ``zeroth Betti number''). In D>3D>3D>3 dimensions, new types of TEE appear which depend on the higher Betti numbers of the boundary manifold. We construct generalized toric code models that exhibit these TEEs and discuss ways to extract TEE in $D\ensuremath{\ge}3$.
We consider entanglement entropy between regions of space in lattice gauge theory. The Hilbert space corresponding to a region of space includes ``edge states'' that transform nontrivially under gauge transformations. By decomposing the edge states in irreducible representations of the gauge group, the entropy of an arbitrary state is expressed as the sum of three positive terms: a term associated with the classical Shannon entropy of the distribution of boundary representations, a term that appears only for non-Abelian gauge theories and depends on the dimension of the boundary representations, and a term representing nonlocal correlations. The first two terms are the entropy of the edge states, and depend only on observables measurable at the boundary. These results are applied to several examples of lattice gauge theory states, including the ground state in the strong coupling expansion of Kogut and Susskind. In all these examples we find that the entropy of the edge states is the dominant contribution to the entanglement entropy.
We compute the Entanglement Entropy (EE) of a bipartition in 2D pure non-abelian U(N) gauge theory. We obtain a general expression for EE on an arbitrary Riemann surface. We find that due to area-preserving diffeomorphism symmetry EE does not depend on the size of the subsystem, but only on the number of disjoint intervals defining the bipartition. In the strong coupling limit on a torus we find that the scaling of the EE at small temperature is given by S(T)−S(0)=O(mgapTe−mgapT), which is similar to the scaling for the matter fields recently derived in literature. In the large N limit we compute all of the Renyi entropies and identify the Douglas–Kazakov phase transition.
It is realized recently that the entanglement entropy in gauge theories is ambiguous because the Hilbert space cannot be expressed as a simple direct product of Hilbert spaces defined on the two regions; different ways of dividing the Hilbert spaces near the boundary leads to significantly different result, to the extreme that it could annihilate the otherwise finite topological entanglement entropy between two regions altogether. In this article, we first show that the topological entanglement entropy in the Kitaev model [1] which is not a true gauge theory, is free of ambiguity. Then, we give a physical interpretation, from the perspectives of what can be measured in an experiment, to the purported ambiguity of true gauge theories, where the topological entanglement arises as redundancy in counting the degrees of freedom along the boundary separating two regions. We generalize these discussions to non-Abelian gauge theories.