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arXiv:1509.05562 · Physical Review A

Coherent manipulation of noise-protected superconducting artificial atoms in the Lambda scheme

P. G. Di Stefano, Elisabetta Paladino, Thomas J. Pope, G. Falci

Published May 23, 2016• 40 citations
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Abstract

We propose a protocol for the manipulation of a three-level artificial atom in Lambda ($\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$) configuration. It allows faithful, selective and robust population transfer analogous to stimulated Raman adiabatic passage ($\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$-STIRAP), in last-generation superconducting artificial atoms, where protection from noise implies the absence of a direct pump coupling. It combines the use of a two-photon pump pulse with suitable advanced control, operated by a slow modulation of the phase of the external fields, leveraging on the stability of semiclassical microwave drives. This protocol is a building block for manipulation of microwave photons in complex quantum architectures. Its demonstration would be a benchmark for the implementation of a class of multilevel advanced control procedures for quantum computation and microwave quantum photonics in systems based on artificial atoms.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.93.051801

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We propose a protocol for the manipulation of a three-level artificial atom in Lambda (\ensuremathΛ\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\ensuremathΛ) configuration. It allows faithful, selective and robust population transfer analogous to stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (\ensuremathΛ\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\ensuremathΛ-STIRAP), in last-generation superconducting artificial atoms, where protection from noise implies the absence of a direct pump coupling. It combines the use of a two-photon pump pulse with suitable advanced control, operated by a slow modulation of the phase of the external fields, leveraging on the stability of semiclassical microwave drives. This protocol is a building block for manipulation of microwave photons in complex quantum architectures. Its demonstration would be a benchmark for the implementation of a class of multilevel advanced control procedures for quantum computation and microwave quantum photonics in systems based on artificial atoms.
In this paper we propose a protocol to achieve coherent population transfer between two states in a three-level atom by using two ac fields. It is based on the physics of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP), but it is implemented with the constraint of a reduced control, namely, one of the fields cannot be switched off. A combination of frequency chirps is used with resonant fields, allowing us to achieve approximate destructive interference, despite the fact that an exact dark state does not exist. This chirped STIRAP protocol is tailored for applications to artificial atoms, where architectures with several elementary units can be strongly coupled but where the possibility of switching on and off such couplings is often very limited. Demonstration of this protocol would be a benchmark for the implementation of a class of multilevel advanced control procedures for quantum computation and microwave quantum photonics in artificial atoms.
The implementation of a three-level Lambda System in artificial atoms would allow to perform advanced control tasks typical of quantum optics in the solid state realm, with photons in the μm\mathrm{μm}μm/mm range. However hardware constraints put an obstacle since protection from decoherence is often conflicting with efficient coupling to external fields. We address the problem of performing conventional STImulated Raman Adiabatic Passage (STIRAP) in the presence of low-frequency noise. We propose two strategies to defeat decoherence, based on "optimal symmetry breaking" and dynamical decoupling. We suggest how to apply to the different implementations of superconducting artificial atoms, stressing the key role of non-Markovianity.
The implementation of a Lambda scheme in superconducting artificial atoms could allow detection of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) and other quantum manipulations in the microwave regime. However, symmetries which on one hand protect the system against decoherence yield selection rules which may cancel coupling to the pump external drive. The tradeoff between efficient coupling and decoherence due to broad-band colored noise (BBCN), which is often the main source of decoherence, is addressed in the class of nanodevices based on the Cooper pair box (CPB) design. We study transfer efficiency by STIRAP, showing that substantial efficiency is achieved for off-symmetric bias only in the charge-phase regime. We find a number of results uniquely due to non-Markovianity of BBCN, namely (a) the efficiency for STIRAP depends essentially on noise channels in the trapped subspace; (b) low-frequency fluctuations can be analyzed and represented as fictitious correlated fluctuations of the detunings of the external drives; and (c) a simple figure of merit for design and operating prescriptions allowing the observation of STIRAP is proposed. The emerging physical picture also applies to other classes of coherent nanodevices subject to BBCN.
Advanced control in Lambda (Λ) scheme of a solid state architecture of artificial atoms and quantized modes would allow the translation to the solid‐state realm of a whole class of phenomena from quantum optics, thus exploiting new physics emerging in larger integrated quantum networks and for stronger couplings. However control solid‐state devices has constraints coming from selection rules, due to symmetries which on the other hand yield protection from decoherence, and from design issues, for instance that coupling to microwave cavities is not directly switchable. We present two new schemes for the Λ‐STIRAP control problem with the constraint of one or two classical driving fields being always‐on. We show how these protocols are converted to apply to circuit‐QED architectures. We finally illustrate an application to coherent spectroscopy of the so called ultrastrong atom‐cavity coupling regime.
The adiabatic manipulation of quantum states is a powerful technique that opened up new directions in quantum engineering--enabling tests of fundamental concepts such as geometrical phases and topological transitions, and holding the promise of alternative models of quantum computation. Here we benchmark the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage for circuit quantum electrodynamics by employing the first three levels of a transmon qubit. In this ladder configuration, we demonstrate a population transfer efficiency >80% between the ground state and the second excited state using two adiabatic Gaussian-shaped control microwave pulses. By doing quantum tomography at successive moments during the Raman pulses, we investigate the transfer of the population in time domain. Furthermore, we show that this protocol can be reversed by applying a third adiabatic pulse, we study a hybrid nondiabatic-adiabatic sequence, and we present experimental results for a quasi-degenerate intermediate level.
Coherent manipulation of quantum states is of crucial importance in accurate control of a quantum system. A fundamental goal is coherently transferring the population of a desired state with near-unit fidelity. For this purpose, we theoretically demonstrate a novel coherent double-stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) in a three-level Λ-type system for realizing the switch of unequal initial preparations on two ground states. This operation uses a single optical pulse sequence accomplishing both bright-STIRAP and dark-STIRAP processes, in which the intermediate-level detuning and the pulse delay must be given an optimal adjustment. Besides, owing to the imperfection of double-STIRAP transition, the sensitivity of the switch fidelity with respect to the spontaneous loss from the intermediate state, to the pulse amplitude and to the population difference, is also discussed. This work suggests a simple and experimentally feasible all-optical approach to switch a superposition quantum state, serving as one-step closer to the goal of coherent manipulation of quantum systems.