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arXiv:1509.02804 · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical

Q -colourings of the triangular lattice: exact exponents and conformal field theory

Eric Vernier, Jesper Lykke Jacobsen, Jesús Salas

Published Mar 18, 2016• 16 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract We revisit the problem of Q -colourings of the triangular lattice using a mapping onto an integrable spin-one model, which can be solved exactly using Bethe ansatz techniques. In particular we focus on the low-energy excitations above the eigenlevel g 2 , which was shown by Baxter to dominate the transfer matrix spectrum in the Fortuin–Kasteleyn (chromatic polynomial) representation for , where . We argue that g 2 and its scaling levels define a conformally invariant theory, the so-called regime IV, which provides the actual description of the (analytically continued) colouring problem within a much wider range, namely . The corresponding conformal field theory is identified and the exact critical exponents are derived. We discuss their implications for the phase diagram of the antiferromagnetic triangular-lattice Potts model at non-zero temperature. Finally, we relate our results to recent observations in the field of spin-one anyonic chains.

DOI
10.1088/1751-8113/49/17/174004

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Conformal invariance studies of the Baxter-Wu model and a related site-colouring problem

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The partition function of the Baxter-Wu model is exactly related to the generating function of a site-colouring problem on a hexagonal lattice. We extend the original Bethe ansatz solution of these models in order to obtain the eigenspectra of their transfer matrices in finite geometries and general toroidal boundary conditions. The operator content of these models are studied by solving numerically the Betheansatz equations and by exploring conformal invariance. Since the eigenspectra are calculated for large lattices, the corrections to finitesize scaling are also calculated.

•Jan 1, 1997•13 citations
Abstract We revisit the problem of Q -colourings of the triangular lattice using a mapping onto an integrable spin-one model, which can be solved exactly using Bethe ansatz techniques. In particular we focus on the low-energy excitations above the eigenlevel g 2 , which was shown by Baxter to dominate the transfer matrix spectrum in the Fortuin–Kasteleyn (chromatic polynomial) representation for , where . We argue that g 2 and its scaling levels define a conformally invariant theory, the so-called regime IV, which provides the actual description of the (analytically continued) colouring problem within a much wider range, namely . The corresponding conformal field theory is identified and the exact critical exponents are derived. We discuss their implications for the phase diagram of the antiferromagnetic triangular-lattice Potts model at non-zero temperature. Finally, we relate our results to recent observations in the field of spin-one anyonic chains.
Abstract We study the phase diagram of the triangular-lattice Q -state Potts model in the real ( Q , v ) -plane, where v = e J − 1 is the temperature variable. Our first goal is to provide an obviously missing feature of this diagram: the position of the antiferromagnetic critical curve. This curve turns out to possess a bifurcation point with two branches emerging from it, entailing important consequences for the global phase diagram. We have obtained accurate numerical estimates for the position of this curve by combining the transfer-matrix approach for strip graphs with toroidal boundary conditions and the recent method of critical polynomials. The second goal of this work is to study the corresponding A p − 1 RSOS model on the torus, for integer p = 4 , 5 , … , 8 . We clarify its relation to the corresponding Potts model, in particular concerning the role of boundary conditions. For certain values of p , we identify several new critical points and regimes for the RSOS model and we initiate the study of the flows between the corresponding field theories.
The free energy per lattice site of a quantum spin chain in the thermodynamic limit is determined by a single `dominant' Eigenvalue of an associated quantum transfer matrix in the infinite Trotter number limit. For integrable quantum spin chains, related with solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation, an appropriate choice of the quantum transfer matrix enables to study its spectrum, e.g.\ by means of the algebraic Bethe Ansatz. In its turn, the knowledge of the full spectrum allows one to study its universality properties such as the appearance of a conformal spectrum in the low-temperature regime. More generally, accessing the full spectrum is a necessary step for deriving thermal form factor series representations of the correlation functions of local operators for the spin chain under consideration. These are statements that have been established by physicists on a heuristic level and that are calling for a rigorous mathematical justification. In this work we implement certain aspects of this programme with the example of the XXZ quantum spin chain in the antiferromagnetic massless regime and in the low-temperature limit. We rigorously establish the existence, uniqueness and characterise the form of the solutions to the non-linear integral equations that are equivalent to the Bethe Ansatz equations for the quantum transfer matrix of this model. This allows us to describe that part of the quantum transfer matrix spectrum that is related to the Bethe Ansatz and that does not collapse to zero in the infinite Trotter number limit. Within the considered part of the spectrum we rigorously identify the dominant Eigenvalue and show that those correlations lengths that diverge in the low-temperature limit are given, to the leading order, by the spectrum of the free Boson c=1c=1c=1 conformal field theory. This rigorously establishes a long-standing conjecture present in the physics literature.
The partition function of the Baxter - Wu model is exactly related to the generating function of a site-colouring problem on a hexagonal lattice. We extend the original Bethe ansatz solution of these models in order to obtain the eigenspectra of their transfer matrices in finite geometries and general toroidal boundary conditions. The operator content of these models is studied by solving numerically the Bethe-ansatz equations and by exploring conformal invariance. Since the eigenspectra are calculated for large lattices, the corrections to finite-size scaling are also calculated.
The Q-state Potts model can be extended to noninteger and even complex Q by expressing the partition function in the Fortuin-Kasteleyn (F-K) representation. In the F-K representation the partition function Z(Q,a) is a polynomial in Q and v=a-1 (a=e(betaJ)) and the coefficients of this polynomial, Phi(b,c), are the number of graphs on the lattice consisting of b bonds and c connected clusters. We introduce the random-cluster transfer matrix to compute Phi(b,c) exactly on finite square lattices with several types of boundary conditions. Given the F-K representation of the partition function we begin by studying the critical Potts model Z(CP)=Z(Q,a(c)(Q)), where a(c)(Q)=1+square root[Q]. We find a set of zeros in the complex w=square root[Q] plane that map to (or close to) the Beraha numbers for real positive Q. We also identify Q(c)(L), the value of Q for a lattice of width L above which the locus of zeros in the complex p=v/square root[Q] plane lies on the unit circle. By finite-size scaling we find that 1/Q(c)(L)-->0 as L-->infinity. We then study zeros of the antiferromagnetic (AF) Potts model in the complex Q plane and determine Q(c)(a), the largest value of Q for a fixed value of a below which there is AF order. We find excellent agreement with Baxter's conjecture Q(AF)(c)(a)=(1-a)(a+3). We also investigate the locus of zeros of the ferromagnetic Potts model in the complex Q plane and confirm that Q(FM)(c)(a)=(a-1)(2). We show that the edge singularity in the complex Q plane approaches Q(c) as Q(c)(L) approximately Q(c)+AL(-y(q)), and determine the scaling exponent y(q) for several values of Q. Finally, by finite-size scaling of the Fisher zeros near the antiferromagnetic critical point we determine the thermal exponent y(t) as a function of Q in the range 2</=Q</=3. Using data for lattices of size 3</=L</=8 we find that y(t) is a smooth function of Q and is well fitted by y(t)=(1+Au+Bu2)/(C+Du) where u=-(2/pi)cos(-1)(squareroot[Q]/2). For Q=3 we find y(t) approximately 0.6; however if we include lattices up to L=12 we find y(t) approximately 0.50(8) in rough agreement with a recent result of Ferreira and Sokal [J. Stat. Phys. 96, 461 (1999)].
The partition function of the Baxter-Wu model is exactly related to the generating function of a site-colouring problem on a hexagonal lattice. We extend the original Bethe ansatz solution of these models in order to obtain the eigenspectra of their transfer matrices in finite geometries and general toroidal boundary conditions. The operator content of these models are studied by solving numerically the Betheansatz equations and by exploring conformal invariance. Since the eigenspectra are calculated for large lattices, the corrections to finitesize scaling are also calculated.