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arXiv:1507.06172 · Physical Review Letters

Real-Time Quadrature Measurement of a Single-Photon Wave Packet with Continuous Temporal-Mode Matching

Hisashi Ogawa, Hideaki Ohdan, Kazunori Miyata, Masahiro Taguchi, Kenzo Makino, Hidehiro Yonezawa, Jun–ichi Yoshikawa, Akira Furusawa

Published Jun 8, 2016• 46 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Real-time controls based on quantum measurements are powerful tools for various quantum protocols. However, their experimental realization has been limited by mode mismatch between the temporal mode of quadrature measurement and that heralded by photon detection. Here, we demonstrate real-time quadrature measurement of a single-photon wave packet induced by photon detection by utilizing continuous temporal-mode matching between homodyne detection and an exponentially rising temporal mode. Single photons in exponentially rising modes are also expected to be useful resources for interactions with other quantum systems.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.116.233602

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Real-time controls based on quantum measurements are powerful tools for various quantum protocols. However, their experimental realization has been limited by mode mismatch between the temporal mode of quadrature measurement and that heralded by photon detection. Here, we demonstrate real-time quadrature measurement of a single-photon wave packet induced by photon detection by utilizing continuous temporal-mode matching between homodyne detection and an exponentially rising temporal mode. Single photons in exponentially rising modes are also expected to be useful resources for interactions with other quantum systems.
Balanced homodyne detection has been introduced as a reliable technique of reconstructing the quantum state of a single photon Fock state, which is based on coupling the single photon state and a strong coherent local oscillator in a beam splitter and detecting the field quadrature at the output ports separately. The main challenge associated with a tomographic characterization of the single photon state is mode matching between the single photon state and the local oscillator. Utilizing the heralded single photon generated by the spontaneous parametric process, the multi-mode theoretical model of quantum interference between the single photon state and the coherent state in the fiber beam splitter is established. Moreover, the analytical expressions of the temporal-mode matching coefficient and interference visibility and relationship between the two parameters are shown. In the experimental scheme, the interference visibility under various temporal-mode matching coefficients is demonstrated, which is almost accordant with the theoretical value. Our work explores the principle of temporal-mode matching between the single photon state and the coherent photon state, originated from a local oscillator, and could provide guidance for designing the high-performance balanced homodyne detection system.
We experimentally demonstrate temporal shaping of a heralded single-photon wave packet, prepared by conditional measurement of the idler photon of the entangled photon pair in the process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion. The heralded single-photon wave packet for the signal photon, after being tailored with the help of chirp broadening and interference effects, was observed directly by measuring the time-correlated single-photon-counting histogram. We also demonstrate remote control of the temporal shaping effect by spectral filtering of the idler photon.
The purpose of this paper is to derive filters for an arbitrary open quantum system driven by a light wave packet prepared in a continuous-mode multiphoton state. A continuous-mode multiphoton state is a state of a traveling light wave packet that contains a definite number of photons and is characterized by a temporal (or, equivalently, spectral) profile. After the interaction with the system, the outgoing light can be monitored by means of homodyne detection or photodetection. Filters for both measurement schemes are derived in this paper. Unlike the vacuum or the coherent state case, the annihilation operator of the light field acting on a multiphoton state changes the state by annihilating a photon, and this makes the traditional filtering techniques inapplicable. To circumvent this difficulty, we adopt a non-Markovian embedding technique proposed in [J. E. Gough, M. R. James, and H. I. Nurdin, Quantum Inf. Process., 12 (2013), pp. 1469--1499] for the study of the single-photon filtering problem. However, the multiphoton nature of the problem addressed in this paper makes the study much more mathematically involved. Moreover, as demonstrated by an example---a two-level system driven by a continuous-mode two-photon state---multiphoton filters can reveal interesting strong nonlinear optical phenomena absent in both the single-photon state case and the continuous-mode Fock state case.
Precise information about the temporal mode of optical states is crucial for optimizing their interaction efficiency between themselves and/or with matter in various quantum communication devices. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate a method of determining both the real and imaginary components of a single photon's temporal density matrix by measuring the autocorrelation function of the photocurrent from a balanced homodyne detector at multiple local oscillator frequencies. We test our method on single photons heralded from biphotons generated via four-wave mixing in an atomic vapor and obtain excellent agreement with theoretical predictions for several settings. A convenient scheme for characterizing the temporal properties of a single photon looks set to aid experiments in quantum optics. An international team of scientists from Canada, China, USA, Uruguay and Russia says that this approach can be used to determine the complete mode structure of a photon, in particular, the real and imaginary parts of its temporal density matrix. This information is important for quantum communication experiments for which it is often critical to match photon modes. The characterization scheme, which the researchers term polychromatic optical heterodyne tomography, works by collecting autocorrelation data of homodyne photocurrent at multiple local oscillator frequencies. The team says that tests of the technique with single photons generated by four-wave mixing in an atomic vapour agree well with theoretical predictions.
Ultrafast quantum optics with time-frequency entangled photons is at the forefront of progress towards future quantum technologies. However, to unravel the time domain structure of entangled photons and exploit fully their rich dimensionality, a single-photon detector with sub-picosecond temporal resolution is required. Here, we present ultrafast single-photon detection using an optical Kerr gate composed of a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) placed inside a Sagnac interferometer. A near-rectangle temporal waveform of a heralded single-photon generated via spontaneous parametric down-conversion is measured with temporal resolution as high as 224 ± 9 fs. The large nonlinearity and long effective interaction length of the PCF enables maximum detection efficiency to be achieved with only 30.5 mW gating pulse average power, demonstrating an order-of-magnitude improvement compared to optical gating with sum-frequency generation. Also, we discuss the trade-off relationship between detection efficiency and temporal resolution.