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arXiv:1506.06757 · Journal of High Energy Physics

Thermal corrections to Rényi entropies for free fermions

Christopher P. Herzog, Michael Spillane

Published Apr 1, 2016• 9 citations
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Abstract

We calculate thermal corrections to Rényi entropies for free massless fermions on a sphere. More specifically, we take a free fermion on $$ \mathbb{R}\times {\mathbb{S}}^{{{}^d}^{-1}} $$ and calculate the leading thermal correction to the Rényi entropies for a cap like region with opening angle 2θ. By expanding the density matrix in a Boltzmann sum, the problem of finding the Rényi entropies can be mapped to the problem of calculating a two point function on an n sheeted cover of the sphere. We follow previous work for conformal field theories to map the problem on the sphere to a conical region in Euclidean space. By using the method of images, we calculate the two point function and recover the Rényi entropies.

DOI
10.1007/jhep04(2016)124

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We calculate thermal corrections to Rényi entropies for free massless fermions on a sphere. More specifically, we take a free fermion on R×Sd−1\mathbb{R}\times {\mathbb{S}}^{{{}^d}^{-1}}R×Sd−1 and calculate the leading thermal correction to the Rényi entropies for a cap like region with opening angle 2θ. By expanding the density matrix in a Boltzmann sum, the problem of finding the Rényi entropies can be mapped to the problem of calculating a two point function on an n sheeted cover of the sphere. We follow previous work for conformal field theories to map the problem on the sphere to a conical region in Euclidean space. By using the method of images, we calculate the two point function and recover the Rényi entropies.
We compute thermal corrections to Rényi entropies of d dimensional conformal field theories on spheres. Consider the nth Rényi entropy for a cap of opening angle 2θ on S d−1. From a Boltzmann sum decomposition and the operator-state correspondence, the leading correction is related to a certain two-point correlation function of the operator (not equal to the identity) with smallest scaling dimension. More specifically, via a conformal map, the correction can be expressed in terms of the two-point function on a certain conical space with opening angle 2πn. In the case of free conformal field theories, this two-point function can be computed explicitly using the method of images. We perform the computation for the conformally coupled scalar. From the n → 1 limit of our results, we extract the leading thermal correction to the entanglement entropy, reproducing results of arXiv:1407.1358.
We compute thermal corrections to R enyi entropies of d dimensional conformal eld theories on spheres. Consider the nth R enyi entropy for a cap of opening angle 2 on S d 1 . From a Boltzmann sum decomposition and the operator-state correspondence, the leading correction is related to a certain two-point correlation function of the operator (not equal to the identity) with smallest scaling dimension. More specically, via a conformal map, the correction can be expressed in terms of the two-point function on a certain conical space with opening angle 2n . In the case of free conformal eld theories, this two-point function can be computed explicitly using the method of images. We perform the computation for the conformally coupled scalar. From the n ! 1 limit of our results, we extract the leading thermal correction to the entanglement entropy, reproducing results of arXiv:1407.1358.
Rényi entropies Sq are useful measures of quantum entanglement; they can be calculated from traces of the reduced density matrix raised to power q, with q ≥ 0. For (d + 1)-dimensional conformal field theories, the Rényi entropies across Sd−1 may be extracted from the thermal partition functions of these theories on either (d+1)-dimensional de Sitter space or R×Hd, where Hd is the d-dimensional hyperbolic space. These thermal partition functions can in turn be expressed as path integrals on branched coverings of the (d+ 1)-dimensional sphere and S1 × Hd, respectively. We calculate the Rényi entropies of free massless scalars and fermions in d = 2, and show how using zeta-function regularization one finds agreement between the calculations on the branched coverings of S3 and on S1 × H2. Analogous calculations for massive free fields provide monotonic interpolating functions between the Rényi entropies at the Gaussian and the trivial fixed points. Finally, we discuss similar Rényi entropy calculations in d> 2.
We analytically evaluate the Rényi entropies for the two dimensional free boson CFT. The CFT is considered to be compactified on a circle and at finite temperature. The Rényi entropies S n are evaluated for a single interval using the two point function of bosonic twist fields on a torus. For the case of the compact boson, the sum over the classical saddle points results in the Riemann-Siegel theta function associated with the A n−1 lattice. We then study the Rényi entropies in the decompactification regime. We show that in the limit when the size of the interval becomes the size of the spatial circle, the entanglement entropy reduces to the thermal entropy of free bosons on a circle. We then set up a systematic high temperature expansion of the Rényi entropies and evaluate the finite size corrections for free bosons. Finally we compare these finite size corrections both for the free boson CFT and the free fermion CFT with the one-loop corrections obtained from bulk three dimensional handlebody spacetimes which have higher genus Riemann surfaces as its boundary. One-loop corrections in these geometries are entirely determined by quantum numbers of the excitations present in the bulk. This implies that the leading finite size corrections contributions from one-loop determinants of the Chern-Simons gauge field and the Dirac field in the dual geometry should reproduce that of the free boson and the free fermion CFT respectively. By evaluating these corrections both in the bulk and in the CFT explicitly we show that this expectation is indeed true.
We describe a holographic approach to explicitly computing the universal logarithmic contributions to entanglement and Rényi entropies for free conformal scalar and spinor fields on even-dimensional spheres. This holographic derivation proceeds in two steps: first, following Casini and Huerta, a conformal mapping to thermal entropy in a hyperbolic geometry; then identification of the hyperbolic geometry with the conformal boundary of a bulk hyperbolic space and use of an AdS/CFT holographic formula to compute the resultant functional determinant. We explicitly verify the connection with the type-A trace anomaly for the entanglement entropy, whereas the Rényi entropy is computed with the aid of the Sommerfeld formula in order to deal with a conical defect. We show that as a by-product, the log coefficient of the Rényi entropy for round spheres can be efficiently obtained as the q-analog of a procedure similar to the one found by Cappelli and D’Appollonio that rendered the type-A trace anomaly.
At a quantum critical point, bipartite entanglement entropies have universal quantities which are subleading to the ubiquitous area law. For Renyi entropies, these terms are known to be similar to the von Neumann entropy, while being much more amenable to numerical and even experimental measurement. We show here that when calculating universal properties of Renyi entropies, it is important to account for unusual corrections to scaling that arise from relevant local operators present at the conical singularity in the multisheeted Riemann surface. These corrections grow in importance with increasing Renyi index. We present studies of Renyi correlation functions in the 1+11+11+1 transverse-field Ising model (TFIM) using conformal field theory, mapping to free fermions, and series expansions, and the logarithmic entropy singularity at a corner in 2+12+12+1 for both free bosonic field theory and the TFIM, using numerical linked cluster expansions. In all numerical studies, accurate results are only obtained when unusual corrections to scaling are taken into account. In the worst case, an analysis ignoring these corrections can get qualitatively incorrect answers, such as predicting a decrease in critical exponents with the Renyi index, when they are actually increasing. We discuss a two-step extrapolation procedure that can be used to account for the unusual corrections to scaling.