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arXiv:1505.03611 · Physical Review A

Violation of majorization relations in entangled states and its detection by means of generalized entropic forms

R. Rossignoli, N. Canosa

Published Apr 2, 2003• 40 citations
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Abstract

We examine the violation of the majorization relations between the eigenvalues of the full and reduced density operators of entangled states of composite systems and its detection using generalized entropic forms based on arbitrary concave functions. It is shown that the violation of these relations may not always be detected by the conditional von Neumann and Tsallis entropies (for any $q>0).$ Families of smooth entropic forms which are always able to detect such violations are, however, provided. These features are then examined for particular sets of mixed states in a two-qudit system, which for $d>~3$ may exhibit different types of violation of the majorization relations. Comparison with the Peres criterion for separability is also shown.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.67.042302

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We examine the violation of the majorization relations between the eigenvalues of the full and reduced density operators of entangled states of composite systems and its detection using generalized entropic forms based on arbitrary concave functions. It is shown that the violation of these relations may not always be detected by the conditional von Neumann and Tsallis entropies (for any q>0).q>0).q>0). Families of smooth entropic forms which are always able to detect such violations are, however, provided. These features are then examined for particular sets of mixed states in a two-qudit system, which for d> 3d>~3d> 3 may exhibit different types of violation of the majorization relations. Comparison with the Peres criterion for separability is also shown.
We discuss the entropic criterion for separability of compound quantum systems for general nonadditive entropic forms based on arbitrary concave functions f. For any separable state, the generalized entropy of the whole system is shown to be not smaller than that of the subsystems, for any choice of f, providing thus a necessary criterion for separability. Nevertheless, the criterion is not sufficient and examples of entangled states with the same property are provided. This entails, in particular, that the conjecture about the positivity of the conditional Tsallis entropy for all q, a more stringent requirement than the positivity of the conditional von Neumann entropy, is actually a necessary but not sufficient condition for separability in general. The direct relation between the entropic criterion and the largest eigenvalues of the full and reduced density operators of the system is also discussed.
The quantum relative R\'enyi entropy of two noncommuting density matrices was recently defined from which its conditional entropy is deduced. This framework is here extended to the corresponding Tsallis relative entropy and to its conditional form. This expression of Tsallis conditional entropy is shown to witness entanglement beyond the method based on global and local spectra of composite quantum states. When the reduced density matrix happens to be a maximally mixed state, this conditional entropy coincides with the expression in terms of Tsallis entropies derived earlier by Abe and Rajagopal [Physica A 289, 157 (2001)]. The separability range in a noisy one-parameter family of WWW and Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states with three and four qubits is explored here and it is shown that the results inferred from negative Tsallis conditional entropy matches that obtained through Peres's partial transpose criterion for one-parameter family of WWW states, in one of its partitions. The criterion is shown to be nonspectral through its usefulness in identifying entanglement in isospectral density matrices.
We review the concept of majorization and its relation with generalized information measures. Majorization theory provides an elegant framework for comparing two probability distributions, leading to a rigorous concept of disorder which is more stringent than that based on the Shannon entropy. Nevertheless, it is shown that it can be fully captured through general entropic inequalities based on generalized entropic forms. A brief review of generalized entropies is also provided. As illustration, we discuss the majorization properties of generalized thermal distributions derived from generalized entropies, and identify rigorous mixing parameters. We also describe majorization in quantum systems. We discuss in particular its capability for providing a disorder based criterion for the detection of quantum entanglement, which is stronger than that based on the von Neumann entropy and leads to a generalized entropic separability criterion.
We discuss conditional Rényi and Tsallis entropies for bipartite quantum systems of finite dimension. We investigate the relation between the positivity of conditional entropies and entanglement properties. It is in particular shown that any state having a negative conditional entropy with respect to any value of the entropic parameter is distillable since it violates the reduction criterion. Moreover, we show that the entanglement of Werner states in odd dimensions can neither be detected by entropic criteria nor by any other spectral criterion.
In this paper, we discuss some general connections between the notions of positive map, weak majorization and entropic inequalities in the context of detection of entanglement among bipartite quantum systems. First, basing on the fact that any positive map can be written as the difference between two completely positive maps Λ=Λ 1 −Λ 2 , we propose a possible way to generalize the Nielsen–Kempe majorization criterion. Then, we present two methods of derivation of some general classes of entropic inequalities useful for the detection of entanglement. While the first one follows from the aforementioned generalized majorization relation and the concept of Schur-concave decreasing functions, the second is based on some functional inequalities. What is important is that, contrary to the Nielsen–Kempe majorization criterion and entropic inequalities, our criteria allow for the detection of entangled states with positive partial transposition when using indecomposable positive maps. We also point out that if a state with at least one maximally mixed subsystem is detected by some necessary criterion based on the positive map Λ, then there exist entropic inequalities derived from Λ (by both procedures) that also detect this state. In this sense, they are equivalent to the necessary criterion [ I ⊗Λ](ϱ AB )⩾0. Moreover, our inequalities provide a way of constructing multi-copy entanglement witnesses and therefore are promising from the experimental point of view. Finally, we discuss some of the derived inequalities in the context of the recently introduced protocol of state merging and the possibility of approximating the mean value of a linear entanglement witness.
We analyze, for a general concave entropic form, the associated conditional entropy of a quantum system A + B , obtained as a result of a local measurement on one of the systems ( B ). This quantity is a measure of the average mixedness of A after such measurement, and its minimum over all local measurements is shown to be the associated entanglement of formation between A and a purifying third system C . In the case of the von Neumann entropy, this minimum determines also the quantum discord. For classically correlated states and mixtures of a pure state with the maximally mixed state, we show that the minimizing measurement can be determined analytically and is universal , i.e., the same for all concave forms. While these properties no longer hold for general states, we also show that in the special case of the linear entropy, an explicit expression for the associated conditional entropy can be obtained, whose minimum among projective measurements in a general qudit–qubit state can be determined analytically, in terms of the largest eigenvalue of a simple 3 × 3 correlation matrix. Such minimum determines the maximum conditional purity of A , and the associated minimizing measurement is shown to be also universal in the vicinity of maximal mixedness. Results for X states, including typical reduced states of spin pairs in XY chains at weak and strong transverse fields, are also provided and indicate that the measurements minimizing the von Neumann and linear conditional entropies are typically coincident in these states, being determined essentially by the main correlation. They can differ, however, substantially from that minimizing the geometric discord.