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arXiv:1504.04335 · Physical Review Applied

On-Chip Quantum Interference from a Single Silicon Ring-Resonator Source

Stefan F. Preble, Michael L. Fanto, Jeffrey A. Steidle, Christopher C. Tison, Gregory A. Howland, Zihao Wang, Paul M. Alsing

Published Aug 20, 2015• 90 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Silicon photonics is a promising platform to realize the dense and scalable integration required for quantum computing, communication, and sensing. The authors demonstrate a key building block for this platform, a simple, single source of entangled photons, and use it to observe quantum interference on the same chip. This removes the need for clumsy interfacing of multiple photon sources, as in previous studies, and provides a basis for highly scalable photonic circuits that achieve multi-qubit entanglement.

DOI
10.1103/physrevapplied.4.021001

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Silicon photonics is a promising platform to realize the dense and scalable integration required for quantum computing, communication, and sensing. The authors demonstrate a key building block for this platform, a simple, single source of entangled photons, and use it to observe quantum interference on the same chip. This removes the need for clumsy interfacing of multiple photon sources, as in previous studies, and provides a basis for highly scalable photonic circuits that achieve multi-qubit entanglement.
Silicon photonic chips have the potential to realize complex integrated quantum information processing circuits, including photon sources, qubit manipulation, and integrated single-photon detectors. Here, we present the key aspects of preparing and testing a silicon photonic quantum chip with an integrated photon source and two-photon interferometer. The most important aspect of an integrated quantum circuit is minimizing loss so that all of the generated photons are detected with the highest possible fidelity. Here, we describe how to perform low-loss edge coupling by using an ultra-high numerical aperture fiber to closely match the mode of the silicon waveguides. By using an optimized fusion splicing recipe, the UHNA fiber is seamlessly interfaced with a standard single-mode fiber. This low-loss coupling allows the measurement of high-fidelity photon production in an integrated silicon ring resonator and the subsequent two-photon interference of the produced photons in a closely integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometer. This paper describes the essential procedures for the preparation and characterization of high-performance and scalable silicon quantum photonic circuits.
Silicon photonic chips have the potential to realize complex integrated quantum information processing circuits, including photon sources, qubit manipulation, and integrated single-photon detectors. Here, we present the key aspects of preparing and testing a silicon photonic quantum chip with an integrated photon source and two-photon interferometer. The most important aspect of an integrated quantum circuit is minimizing loss so that all of the generated photons are detected with the highest possible fidelity. Here, we describe how to perform low-loss edge coupling by using an ultra-high numerical aperture fiber to closely match the mode of the silicon waveguides. By using an optimized fusion splicing recipe, the UHNA fiber is seamlessly interfaced with a standard single-mode fiber. This low-loss coupling allows the measurement of high-fidelity photon production in an integrated silicon ring resonator and the subsequent two-photon interference of the produced photons in a closely integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometer. This paper describes the essential procedures for the preparation and characterization of high-performance and scalable silicon quantum photonic circuits.
Silicon quantum photonics promises to take quantum optics to the large scale, where single photons carry the quantum information which can accelerate difficult computational problems, provide perfectly secure communication, or allow high-accuracy measurements. The silicon photonics platform offers miniature, high-yield, and high-performance photonics which are integrable with CMOS electronics and telecommunications-band optics. To date, only non-scalable photon-pair sources, based on spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) in straight silicon waveguides have been shown to interfere [1]. Until now, single-photon experiments in silicon [2] have exclusively used an off-chip apparatus, such as a silica arrayed waveguide grating, to control and manipulate photon frequency. We present a silicon-on-insulator quantum photonic device (Fig. 1a) able to generate and analyse two maximally entangled qubits. We use this device to demonstrate high-visibility quantum interferencebetween resonant SFWM sources (analogous to [1]), phase-stable frequency-selection, and quantum state tomography. We varied the phase  to obtain the fringes shown in Fig. 1b, with a visibility of 96.8%. This high visibility indicates that the two microring sources are substantially identical. We setup the entangled state via the on-chip 17-dB extinction filters, and used quantum state tomography to analyse it (Fig. 1c). We measured a fidelity of 0.8. This is the first time an entangled state of photonic qubits has been both generated and analysed on-chip, and this generation has been done in a way which is scalable to larger photon number. These results represent a new step towards fully silicon-integrated quantum photonics.
Integrated photonic circuits are one of the most promising platforms for large-scale photonic quantum information systems due to their small physical size and stable interferometers with near-perfect lateral-mode overlaps. Since many quantum information protocols are based on qubits defined by the polarization of photons, we must develop integrated building blocks to generate, manipulate, and measure the polarization-encoded quantum state on a chip. The generation unit is particularly important. Here we show the first integrated polarization-entangled photon pair source on a chip. We have implemented the source as a simple and stable silicon-on-insulator photonic circuit that generates an entangled state with 91 ± 2% fidelity. The source is equipped with versatile interfaces for silica-on-silicon or other types of waveguide platforms that accommodate the polarization manipulation and projection devices as well as pump light sources. Therefore, we are ready for the full-scale implementation of photonic quantum information systems on a chip.
Recently there has been a worldwide effort to produce scalable qubit implementations for quantum information protocols, including quantum key distribution, quantum metrology and quantum computing---technologies which have the power to revolutionise their respective fields. Silicon photonics is in a prime position to provide the physical, photonic implementations of these technologies due to it's high-yield, high-performance and inherently scalable CMOS manufacturing infrastructure. The on-chip production of more than one uncorrelated photon pair (more than two photons) has remained a technological challenge. Here, we seek to overcome this using careful quantum photonic design, and state-of-the-art Silicon photonics technology. Our four-photon device expands the capabilities of integrated quantum photonics to fully entangled four photons, specifically the four photon graph states. In the graph state formalism, each vertex corresponds to a qubit, and each edge corresponds to a controlled-phase gate (an entangling operation) performed between the qubits it links. It has been shown that these states are very powerful---simple measurement strategies on certain graph states provide universal quantum computing. Interestingly, certain classes of graph states are equivalent under single-qubit transformations. These are the global entanglement classes. Our device uses both a reconfigurable entangling gate and local transformations to fully explore the space of 4 qubit graph states. The device employs four ring resonator sources, on-chip spectral demultiplexing, a reconfigurable entangling gate, and single-qubit transformations for each qubit. Using these capabilities, we can verify our entangled quantum states using entanglement witnesses, local tomography, and by running toy measurement-based quantum computations. These devices will be both the largest and most diverse integrated photonic quantum state generators produced to date. A vital demonstration of this work is high-quality quantum interference between spontaneous four-wave mixing photon-pair sources on the same chip. These ideas and proof-of-concept demonstrations point to large scale quantum technology, built using today's technologies.