Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:1504.02117 · Physical Review Letters

Coherent Addressing of Individual Neutral Atoms in a 3D Optical Lattice

Yang Wang, Xianli Zhang, Theodore A. Corcovilos, Aishwarya Kumar, David S. Weiss

Published Jul 23, 2015• 116 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We demonstrate arbitrary coherent addressing of individual neutral atoms in a 5×5×5 array formed by an optical lattice. Addressing is accomplished using rapidly reconfigurable crossed laser beams to selectively ac Stark shift target atoms, so that only target atoms are resonant with state-changing microwaves. The effect of these targeted single qubit gates on the quantum information stored in nontargeted atoms is smaller than 3×10^{-3} in state fidelity. This is an important step along the path of converting the scalability promise of neutral atoms into reality.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.115.043003

Related papers

Single-qubit gates based on targeted phase shifts in a 3D neutral atom array

Yang Wang, Aishwarya Kumar, Tsung-Yao Wu +1 more

Although the quality of individual quantum bits (qubits) and quantum gates has been steadily improving, the number of qubits in a single system has increased quite slowly. Here, we demonstrate arbitrary single-qubit gates based on targeted phase shifts, an approach that can be applied to atom, ion, or other atom-like systems. These gates are highly insensitive to addressing beam imperfections and have little cross-talk, allowing for a dramatic scaling up of qubit number. We have performed gates in series on 48 individually targeted sites in a 40% full 5 by 5 by 5 three-dimensional array created by an optical lattice. Using randomized benchmarking, we demonstrate an average gate fidelity of 0.9962(16), with an average cross-talk fidelity of 0.9979(2) (numbers in parentheses indicate the one standard deviation uncertainty in the final digits).

arXiv:1601.03639•Science•Jun 24, 2016•157 citations

Manipulation of single neutral atoms in optical lattices

Chuanwei Zhang, S. L. Rolston, S. Das Sarma

We analyze a scheme to manipulate quantum states of neutral atoms at individual sites of optical lattices using focused laser beams. Spatial distributions of focused laser intensities induce position-dependent energy shifts of hyperfine states, which, combined with microwave radiation, allow selective manipulation of quantum states of individual target atoms. We show that various errors in the manipulation process are suppressed below ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ with properly chosen microwave pulse sequences and laser parameters. A similar idea is also applied to measure quantum states of single atoms in optical lattices.

arXiv:quant-ph/0605245•Physical Review A•Oct 16, 2006•73 citations

Universal Neutral-Atom Quantum Computer with Individual Optical Addressing and Nondestructive Readout

A.G. Radnaev, W.C. Chung, D.C. Cole +55 more

Quantum computers must achieve large-scale fault-tolerant operation to deliver on their promise of transformational processing power. This will require thousands or millions of high-fidelity quantum gates and similar numbers of qubits. Demonstrations using neutral-atom qubits trapped and manipulated by lasers have shown that this modality can provide high two-qubit gate () fidelities and scalable operation. However, the gates in these demonstrations are driven by lasers that do not resolve individual qubits, with universal computation enabled by physical midcircuit shuttling of the qubits. This relatively slow operation may greatly extend run times for useful large-scale computation. Here, we demonstrate a universal neutral-atom quantum computer with gate rates limited by optical switching times, rather than shuttling, by individually addressing tightly focused laser beams at an array of single atoms. We achieve fidelity of 99.35(4)% and local single-qubit R Z gate fidelity of 99.902(8)% in both cases accounting for leakage out of the computational basis. Moreover, we demonstrate nondestructive readout of alkali-atom qubits with 0.9(3)% loss, which boosts operational speed. This technique also enables us to measure a state-of-the-art fidelity of 99.73(3)% when excluding atom-loss events, which may be mitigated through erasure conversion. Our results represent a critical step toward large-scale fault-tolerant neutral-atom quantum computers that can execute computations on practical timescales.

arXiv:2408.08288•PRX Quantum•Jul 14, 2025•54 citations

Single-site Rydberg addressing in 3D atomic arrays for quantum computing with neutral atoms

Xiao-Feng Shi

Abstract Neutral atom arrays are particularly promising for large-scale quantum computing because it is possible to prepare large-scale qubit arrays. An unsolved issue is how to selectively excite one qubit deep in a 3D atomic array to Rydberg states. In this work, we show two methods for this purpose. The first method relies on a well-known result: in a dipole transition between two quantum states driven by two off-resonant fields of equal strength but opposite detunings ±Δ, the transition is characterized by two counter-rotating Rabi frequencies Ω e ± i Δ t (or ± Ω e ± i Δ t if the two fields have a π -phase difference). This pair of detuned fields lead to a time-dependent Rabi frequency 2 Ω cos ( Δ t ) (or 2 i Ω sin ( Δ t ) ), so that a full transition between the two levels is recovered. We show that when the two detuned fields are sent in different directions, one atom in a 3D optical lattice can be selectively addressed for Rydberg excitation, and when its state is restored, the state of any nontarget atoms irradiated in the light path is also restored. Moreover, we find that the Rydberg excitation by this method can significantly suppress the fundamental blockade error of a Rydberg gate, paving the way for a high-fidelity entangling gate with a commonly used quasi-rectangular pulse that is easily obtained by pulse pickers. Along the way, we find a second method for single-site Rydberg addressing in 3D, where a selected target atom can be excited to the Rydberg state while preserving the state of any nontarget atom due to a spin-echo sequence. The capability to selectively address a target atom in 3D atomic arrays for Rydberg excitation makes it possible to design a large-scale neutral-atom information processor based on the Rydberg blockade.

arXiv:2102.00341•Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics•Dec 6, 2019•13 citations

Randomized Benchmarking of Single-Qubit Gates in a 2D Array of Neutral-Atom Qubits

T. Xia, Martin Lichtman, Kara Maller +4 more

We characterize single-qubit Clifford gate operations with randomized benchmarking in a 2D array of neutral-atom qubits and demonstrate global and site selected gates with high fidelity. An average fidelity of F2=0.9983(14) is measured for global microwave-driven gates applied to a 49-qubit array. Single-site gates are implemented with a focused laser beam to Stark shift the microwaves into resonance at a selected site. At Stark selected single sites we observe F2=0.9923(7) and an average spin-flip crosstalk error at other sites of 0.002(9).

arXiv:1501.02041•Physical Review Letters•Mar 12, 2015•247 citations

High-fidelity individual addressing of single atoms in quantum registers at three-photon laser excitation of Rydberg states

Nikolai N. Bezuglov, Ilya I. Beterov, A. Cinins +8 more

Precise individual addressing of single atoms in quantum registers formed by optical trap arrays is essential to achieve high-fidelity quantum gates in neutral-atom quantum computers and simulators. Two-qubit quantum gates are typically implemented using coherent two-photon laser excitation of atoms to strongly interacting Rydberg states. However, two-photon excitation encounters challenges in individual addressing with tightly focused laser beams due to atom position uncertainty and the spatial inhomogeneity in both Rabi frequencies and light shifts. In this work, we theoretically demonstrate that the fidelity of individual addressing is significantly enhanced by employing coherent three-photon laser excitation of Rydberg states. For a specific example of $5{s}_{1/2}\stackrel{{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{1}}{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}5{p}_{3/2}\stackrel{{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{2}}{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}7{s}_{1/2}\stackrel{{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{3}}{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}np$ excitation in $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms, we find that upon strong laser coupling in the second step (Rabi frequency ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{2}$) and moderate coupling in the first and third steps (Rabi frequencies ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{1}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{3}$), the three-photon Rabi frequency is given by $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}={\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{1}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{3}/{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{2}$. If the spatial distributions of $({\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{1}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{3})$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{2}$ are arranged to be identical, $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}$ becomes independent of atom position, even within very tightly focused laser beams. This approach dramatically improves individual addressing of Rydberg excitation for neighboring atoms in trap arrays compared to conventional two-photon excitation schemes. Our findings are crucial for large-scale quantum registers of neutral atoms, where distances between adjacent atoms should be minimized to ensure stronger Rydberg interactions and compact arrangement of atom arrays.

arXiv:2411.06607•Physical Review A•Oct 17, 2025•2 citations
We demonstrate arbitrary coherent addressing of individual neutral atoms in a 5×5×5 array formed by an optical lattice. Addressing is accomplished using rapidly reconfigurable crossed laser beams to selectively ac Stark shift target atoms, so that only target atoms are resonant with state-changing microwaves. The effect of these targeted single qubit gates on the quantum information stored in nontargeted atoms is smaller than 3×10^{-3} in state fidelity. This is an important step along the path of converting the scalability promise of neutral atoms into reality.
Although the quality of individual quantum bits (qubits) and quantum gates has been steadily improving, the number of qubits in a single system has increased quite slowly. Here, we demonstrate arbitrary single-qubit gates based on targeted phase shifts, an approach that can be applied to atom, ion, or other atom-like systems. These gates are highly insensitive to addressing beam imperfections and have little cross-talk, allowing for a dramatic scaling up of qubit number. We have performed gates in series on 48 individually targeted sites in a 40% full 5 by 5 by 5 three-dimensional array created by an optical lattice. Using randomized benchmarking, we demonstrate an average gate fidelity of 0.9962(16), with an average cross-talk fidelity of 0.9979(2) (numbers in parentheses indicate the one standard deviation uncertainty in the final digits).
We analyze a scheme to manipulate quantum states of neutral atoms at individual sites of optical lattices using focused laser beams. Spatial distributions of focused laser intensities induce position-dependent energy shifts of hyperfine states, which, combined with microwave radiation, allow selective manipulation of quantum states of individual target atoms. We show that various errors in the manipulation process are suppressed below ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ with properly chosen microwave pulse sequences and laser parameters. A similar idea is also applied to measure quantum states of single atoms in optical lattices.
Quantum computers must achieve large-scale fault-tolerant operation to deliver on their promise of transformational processing power. This will require thousands or millions of high-fidelity quantum gates and similar numbers of qubits. Demonstrations using neutral-atom qubits trapped and manipulated by lasers have shown that this modality can provide high two-qubit gate () fidelities and scalable operation. However, the gates in these demonstrations are driven by lasers that do not resolve individual qubits, with universal computation enabled by physical midcircuit shuttling of the qubits. This relatively slow operation may greatly extend run times for useful large-scale computation. Here, we demonstrate a universal neutral-atom quantum computer with gate rates limited by optical switching times, rather than shuttling, by individually addressing tightly focused laser beams at an array of single atoms. We achieve fidelity of 99.35(4)% and local single-qubit R Z gate fidelity of 99.902(8)% in both cases accounting for leakage out of the computational basis. Moreover, we demonstrate nondestructive readout of alkali-atom qubits with 0.9(3)% loss, which boosts operational speed. This technique also enables us to measure a state-of-the-art fidelity of 99.73(3)% when excluding atom-loss events, which may be mitigated through erasure conversion. Our results represent a critical step toward large-scale fault-tolerant neutral-atom quantum computers that can execute computations on practical timescales.
Abstract Neutral atom arrays are particularly promising for large-scale quantum computing because it is possible to prepare large-scale qubit arrays. An unsolved issue is how to selectively excite one qubit deep in a 3D atomic array to Rydberg states. In this work, we show two methods for this purpose. The first method relies on a well-known result: in a dipole transition between two quantum states driven by two off-resonant fields of equal strength but opposite detunings ±Δ, the transition is characterized by two counter-rotating Rabi frequencies Ω e ± i Δ t (or ± Ω e ± i Δ t if the two fields have a π -phase difference). This pair of detuned fields lead to a time-dependent Rabi frequency 2 Ω cos ( Δ t ) (or 2 i Ω sin ( Δ t ) ), so that a full transition between the two levels is recovered. We show that when the two detuned fields are sent in different directions, one atom in a 3D optical lattice can be selectively addressed for Rydberg excitation, and when its state is restored, the state of any nontarget atoms irradiated in the light path is also restored. Moreover, we find that the Rydberg excitation by this method can significantly suppress the fundamental blockade error of a Rydberg gate, paving the way for a high-fidelity entangling gate with a commonly used quasi-rectangular pulse that is easily obtained by pulse pickers. Along the way, we find a second method for single-site Rydberg addressing in 3D, where a selected target atom can be excited to the Rydberg state while preserving the state of any nontarget atom due to a spin-echo sequence. The capability to selectively address a target atom in 3D atomic arrays for Rydberg excitation makes it possible to design a large-scale neutral-atom information processor based on the Rydberg blockade.
We characterize single-qubit Clifford gate operations with randomized benchmarking in a 2D array of neutral-atom qubits and demonstrate global and site selected gates with high fidelity. An average fidelity of F2=0.9983(14) is measured for global microwave-driven gates applied to a 49-qubit array. Single-site gates are implemented with a focused laser beam to Stark shift the microwaves into resonance at a selected site. At Stark selected single sites we observe F2=0.9923(7) and an average spin-flip crosstalk error at other sites of 0.002(9).
Precise individual addressing of single atoms in quantum registers formed by optical trap arrays is essential to achieve high-fidelity quantum gates in neutral-atom quantum computers and simulators. Two-qubit quantum gates are typically implemented using coherent two-photon laser excitation of atoms to strongly interacting Rydberg states. However, two-photon excitation encounters challenges in individual addressing with tightly focused laser beams due to atom position uncertainty and the spatial inhomogeneity in both Rabi frequencies and light shifts. In this work, we theoretically demonstrate that the fidelity of individual addressing is significantly enhanced by employing coherent three-photon laser excitation of Rydberg states. For a specific example of $5{s}_{1/2}\stackrel{{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{1}}{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}5{p}_{3/2}\stackrel{{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{2}}{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}7{s}_{1/2}\stackrel{{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{3}}{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}np$ excitation in 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms, we find that upon strong laser coupling in the second step (Rabi frequency ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{2}$) and moderate coupling in the first and third steps (Rabi frequencies ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{1}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{3}$), the three-photon Rabi frequency is given by $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}={\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{1}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{3}/{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{2}$. If the spatial distributions of $({\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{1}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{3})$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{2}$ are arranged to be identical, $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}$ becomes independent of atom position, even within very tightly focused laser beams. This approach dramatically improves individual addressing of Rydberg excitation for neighboring atoms in trap arrays compared to conventional two-photon excitation schemes. Our findings are crucial for large-scale quantum registers of neutral atoms, where distances between adjacent atoms should be minimized to ensure stronger Rydberg interactions and compact arrangement of atom arrays.