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arXiv:1504.00723 · Optics Express

Exploration of photon-number entangled states using weak nonlinearities

Ying-Qiu He, Dong Ding, Fengli Yan, Ting Gao

Published Aug 11, 2015• 25 citations
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Abstract

A method for exploring photon-number entangled states with weak nonlinearities is described. We show that it is possible to create and detect such entanglement at various scales, ranging from microscopic to macroscopic systems. In the present architecture, we suggest that the maximal phase shift induced in the process of interaction between photons is proportional to photon numbers. Also, in the absence of decoherence we analyze maximum error probability and show its feasibility with current technology.

DOI
10.1364/oe.23.021671

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A method for exploring photon-number entangled states with weak nonlinearities is described. We show that it is possible to create and detect such entanglement at various scales, ranging from microscopic to macroscopic systems. In the present architecture, we suggest that the maximal phase shift induced in the process of interaction between photons is proportional to photon numbers. Also, in the absence of decoherence we analyze maximum error probability and show its feasibility with current technology.
We propose a fruitful scheme for exploring multiphoton entangled states based on linear optics and weak nonlinearities. Compared with the previous schemes the present method is more feasible because there are only small phase shifts instead of a series of related functions of photon numbers in the process of interaction with Kerr nonlinearities. In the absence of decoherence we analyze the error probabilities induced by homodyne measurement and show that the maximal error probability can be made small enough even when the number of photons is large. This implies that the present scheme is quite tractable and it is possible to produce entangled states involving a large number of photons.
Entanglement between macroscopically populated states can easily be created by combining a single photon and a bright coherent state on a beamsplitter. Motivated by the simplicity of this technique, we report on a method using displacement operations in the phase space and basic photon detections to reveal such an entanglement. We show that this eminently feasible approach provides an attractive way for exploring entanglement at various scales, ranging from 1 to 1000 photons. This offers an instructive viewpoint to gain insight into why it is hard to observe quantum features in our macroscopic world.
We study the entanglement generated by a weak cross-Kerr nonlinearity between two initial coherent states, one of which has an amplitude close to the single-photon level, while the other one is macroscopic. We show that strong micro-macro entanglement is possible for weak phase shifts by choosing the amplitude of the macroscopic beam sufficiently large. We analyze the effects of loss and discuss possible experimental demonstrations of the micro-macro entanglement based on homodyne tomography and an entanglement witness. We also discuss the macroscopicity of the generated entanglement from the point of view of a recently proposed measure.
Strong nonlinearity plays a significant role in physics, particularly in the design of novel quantum sources of light and matter as well as in quantum chemistry and quantum biology. In simple systems, the photon-photon interaction can be determined analytically. However, it becomes challenging to obtain it for more complex systems. Therefore, we show here how to measure strong nonlinearities by allowing the sample to interact with a weakly pumped quantized leaking optical mode. We found that the detected mean photon number versus pump-field frequency shows several peaks. Interestingly, the interval between neighboring peaks equals the photon-photon interaction potential. Furthermore, the system exhibits sub-Poissonian photon statistics, entanglement, and photon switching with less than one photon. Finally, we connect our study with existing experiments.