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arXiv:1503.06777 · Physical Review Letters

Ultrafast Long-Distance Quantum Communication with Static Linear Optics

Fabian Ewert, Marcel Bergmann, Peter van Loock

Published Nov 14, 2016• 89 citations
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Abstract

We propose a projection measurement onto encoded Bell states with a static network of linear optical elements. By increasing the size of the quantum error correction code, both Bell measurement efficiency and photon-loss tolerance can be made arbitrarily high at the same time. As a main application, we show that all-optical quantum communication over large distances with communication rates similar to those of classical communication is possible solely based on local state teleportations using optical sources of encoded Bell states, fixed arrays of beam splitters, and photon detectors. As another application, generalizing state teleportation to gate teleportation for quantum computation, we find that in order to achieve universality the intrinsic loss tolerance must be sacrificed and a minimal amount of feedforward has to be added.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.117.210501

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We propose a projection measurement onto encoded Bell states with a static network of linear optical elements. By increasing the size of the quantum error correction code, both Bell measurement efficiency and photon-loss tolerance can be made arbitrarily high at the same time. As a main application, we show that all-optical quantum communication over large distances with communication rates similar to those of classical communication is possible solely based on local state teleportations using optical sources of encoded Bell states, fixed arrays of beam splitters, and photon detectors. As another application, generalizing state teleportation to gate teleportation for quantum computation, we find that in order to achieve universality the intrinsic loss tolerance must be sacrificed and a minimal amount of feedforward has to be added.
We present an in-depth analysis regarding the error resistance and optimization of our all-optical Bell measurement and ultrafast long-distance quantum communication scheme proposed by Ewert, Bergmann, and van Loock [Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 210501 (2016)]. In order to promote our previous proposal from loss to fault tolerance, we introduce a general and compact formalism that can also be applied to other related schemes {including non-all-optical ones such as that of Muralidharan et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 250501 (2014)]}. With the help of this new representation we show that our communication protocol does not only counteract the inevitable photon loss during channel transmission, but is also able to resist common experimental errors such as Pauli-type errors (bit and phase flips) and detector inefficiencies (losses and dark counts). Furthermore, we demonstrate that on the physical level of photonic qubits the choice of the standard linear optical Bell measurement with its limited efficiency is optimal for our setting in the sense that, apart from their potential use in state preparation, more advanced Bell measurements yield only a small decrease in resource consumption. We devise two state generation schemes that provide the required ancillary encoded Bell states (quasi-)on-demand at every station. The schemes are either based on nonlinear optics or on linear optics with multiplexing and exhibit resource costs that scale linearly or less than quadratic with the number of photons per encoded qubit, respectively. Finally, we show that it is possible to operate our communication scheme with on-off detectors instead of employing photon-number-resolving detectors.
To realize long-distance quantum communication, it is crucial to design quantum repeater architectures that can deal with transmission losses and operational errors. Code concatenation of photonic graph codes is a promising way to achieve this; however, existing concatenated codes that can correct both transmission losses and operational errors are extremely hardware-demanding. We propose a one-way quantum repeater architecture based on concatenated ring graph codes and linear optical Bell-state measurements. We construct a scheme to generate the concatenated ring graph codes using quantum emitters, where the number of matter qubits scales linearly with concatenation depth. Furthermore, we devise a measurement strategy at each repeater station with a simple experimental setup where photons are measured in the order that they are created and show that entanglement swapping is fault-tolerant to both transmission losses and operational errors. This allows for long-distance quantum communication (>104> 10^4>104 km) at a kHZ rate even in the presence of single qubit error rates ε>10−3ε> 10^{-3}ε>10−3.
Fault tolerance is essential for scalable quantum technologies and is enabled by quantum error-correction codes. Bell-state measurements (BSMs) are a fundamental building block for modern quantum technologies such as measurement-based quantum computation and fusion-based quantum computation, as well as quantum networks. Therefore, performing BSMs on error-corrected qubits is a necessary step for achieving fault tolerance in these applications. In this work, we realise a logical BSM using linear optics, based on a two-qubit repetition code, an instance of a quantum parity code that allows detection of bit-flip errors, and experimentally achieve a mean success probability of (70.8 +/- 0.4)%. While standard linear-optical BSMs are fundamentally limited to a maximum success probability of 50%, this increased success probability enables higher secure key rates in quantum communication and facilitates the generation of large graph states for quantum computation. Since fault-tolerant schemes require error-correction codes regardless, this improvement comes at no additional resource overhead. Our results demonstrate that error-correction codes can be used to surpass the linear-optics limit of BSMs, which is an important step towards practical, fault-tolerant, and scalable photonic quantum technologies.
Quantum entanglement distribution is an essential part of quantum communication and computation protocols. Here, linear optic elements are employed for the distribution of quantum entanglement over a long distance. Polarization beam splitters and wave plates are used to realize an error-free protocol for broadcasting quantum entanglement in optical quantum communication. This protocol can determine the maximum distance of quantum communication without decoherence. Error detection and error correction are performed in the proposed scheme. In other words, if there is a bit flip along the quantum channel, the end stations (Alice and Bob) can detect this state change and obtain the correct state (entangled photon) at another port. Existing general error detection protocols are based on the quantum controlled-NOT (CNOT) or similar quantum logic operations, which are very difficult to implement experimentally. Here we present a feasible scheme for the implementation of entanglement distribution based on a linear optics element that does not need a quantum CNOT gate.
Quantum entanglement distribution is an essential part of quantum communication and computation protocols. Here, linear optic elements are employed for distribution of quantum entanglement over long distance. Polarization beam splitters and wave plates are used for realization of an error-free protocol for broadcasting quantum entanglement in optical quantum communication. This protocol can determine maximum distance of quantum communication to transmit quantum information without decoherence. Error detection and error correction are performed in the proposed scheme. In other words, if bit-flip occurs along the quantum channel, the end stations (Alice and Bob) can detect this state changing and obtain the correct state (entangled photon) on the another port. Existing general error detection protocols are based on the quantum controlled-NOT (CNOT) or similar quantum logic operations, which are very difficult to implement experimentally. Here we present a feasible scheme for the implementation of entanglement distribution based on linear optics element that does not need quantum CNOT gate.
A long distance quantum teleportation experiment with a fiber-delayed Bell state measurement (BSM) is reported. The source creating the qubits to be teleported and the source creating the necessary entangled state are connected to the beam splitter realizing the BSM by two 2 km long optical fibers. In addition, the teleported qubits are analyzed after 2.2 km of optical fiber, in another laboratory separated by 55 m. Time-bin qubits carried by photons at 1310 nm are teleported onto photons at 1550 nm. The fidelity is of 77%, above the maximal value obtainable without entanglement. This is the first realization of an elementary quantum relay over significant distances, which will allow an increase in the range of quantum communication and quantum key distribution.