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arXiv:1502.04406 · Physical Review A

Phonon-induced spin squeezing based on geometric phase

Yan‐Lei Zhang, Chang‐Ling Zou, Xu‐Bo Zou, Liang Jiang, Guang‐Can Guo

Published Jul 14, 2015• 8 citations
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Abstract

A scheme to achieve spin squeezing using a geometric phase induced by a single mechanical mode is proposed. The analytical and numerical results show that the ultimate degree of spin squeezing depends on the parameter $\frac{{n}_{th}+1/2}{Q\sqrt{N}}$, which is the ratio between the thermal excitation, the quality factor, and square root of ensemble size. The undesired coupling between the spin ensemble and the bath can be efficiently suppressed by bang-bang control pulses. With high quality factor, the ultimate limit of the ideal one-axis twisting spin squeezing can be obtained for a nitrogen-vacancy ensemble in diamond.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.92.013825

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A scheme to achieve spin squeezing using a geometric phase induced by a single mechanical mode is proposed. The analytical and numerical results show that the ultimate degree of spin squeezing depends on the parameter nth+1/2QN\frac{{n}_{th}+1/2}{Q\sqrt{N}}QN​nth​+1/2​, which is the ratio between the thermal excitation, the quality factor, and square root of ensemble size. The undesired coupling between the spin ensemble and the bath can be efficiently suppressed by bang-bang control pulses. With high quality factor, the ultimate limit of the ideal one-axis twisting spin squeezing can be obtained for a nitrogen-vacancy ensemble in diamond.
We propose a potentially practical scheme for realization of two-mode squeezed state with respect to two distant nitrogen-vacancy center ensembles coupled to two interconnected mechanical modes of diamond nanoresonators. By making use of the tunable phonon-spin interaction and the engineered phonon-phonon tunneling, both the desired excitation transfer process and the optimal two-mode squeezing between spin ensembles can be realized. We investigate the dynamics of the total system under infulences from the mechanical decay using both analytical and numerical methods, where the realistic conditions that leads to optimized squeezing between spin ensembles are analyzed.
We propose an approach to produce spin squeezed states of a large number of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond nanostructures coupled to an optical cavity. Unlike the previous squeezing method proposed by Bennett et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 156402 (2013)], which is limited by phonon number fluctuations due to the existence of phonon-spin entanglement, our proposal can completely erase the entanglement between spins and hybrid phonon-photon mode mediating the effective spin-spin interaction, and thus achieves unitary one-axis-twisting interactions between nitrogen-vacancy centres, yielding a squeezing scaling J−2/3J^{-2/3}J−2/3, where J is the total angular momentum. We found that, under certain conditions, our method has the potential to enhance the spin-spin nonlinear interactions. We also proposed a scheme utilizing repeatedly applying the one-axis-twisting evolution to two orthogonal spin directions, which enables the transformation of the one-axis-twisting interactions into two-axis-twisting type, and therefore leads to the spin squeezing with Heisenberg-limited scaling J−1J^{-1}J−1. Taking into account the noise effects of spin dephasing and relaxtion, we found that the proposed approaches are robust against imperfections.
Quantum squeezing and entanglement of spins can be used to improve the sensitivity in quantum metrology. Here we propose a scheme to create collective coupling of an ensemble of spins to a mechanical vibrational mode actuated by an external magnetic field. We find an evolution time where the mechanical motion decouples from the spins, and the accumulated geometric phase yields a squeezing of 5.9dB5.9\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\text{dB}5.9dB for 20 spins. We also show the creation of a Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger spin state for 20 spins with a fidelity of $\ensuremath{\sim}0.62$ at cryogenic temperature. The numerical simulations show that the geometric-phase-based scheme is mostly immune to thermal mechanical noise.
In this paper, we investigate entanglement of an experimental system of two nitrogen-vacancy-center ensembles which are initially squeezed under the one-axis twisting Hamiltonian. We take into account three scenarios in which initial squeezing and entanglement are mediated by phonons or photons: (a) the phonon-squeezed photon-entangled scenario, (b) the phonon-squeezed phonon-entangled scenario, and (c) the photon-squeezed photon-entangled scenario. For our investigation, we employ the Tavis-Cummings model, which includes dissipative decoherence of the collective spin ensemble, and analyze the system both for a relatively small number of spins and in the limit of a large number of spins using the approach of a quantum master equation. Although evidence in the literature on idealized coupled oscillator systems and coupled quantum kicked tops suggests that initial squeezing can enhance entanglement, we find that, in the realistic system studied in this paper, initial squeezing can improve entanglement overall when the field mode interacts in a particular manner with the two spin ensembles. Our analysis using the Holstein-Primakoff transformation and Wigner characteristic function in the rotating frame of reference shows that the entanglement enhancement is a subtle consequence of the way in which the dissipative decoherence rotates the state of the collective spin ensemble such that enhancement depends on the time-evolved rotated states between the presence and absence of initial squeezing.
We propose a scheme to implement Heisenberg-limited spin squeezing in a hybrid cavity optomechanical-spin system. In our system, NNN two-level systems are coupled via Tavis-Cummings interactions to a mechanical resonator (MR) in a standard optomechanical setup. Within the dispersive coupling regime, adiabatic elimination of the optical mode induces a squeezing effect on the MR, which, in the squeezed representation, effectively transforms the collective spin operators into a Bogoliubov form. Under large detuning conditions, the phonon mode mediates interactions among the Bogoliubov collective spins, thereby enabling a two-axis twisting squeezing protocol through appropriate parameter tuning. Both theoretical analysis and numerical simulations show that in the presence of dephasing and phonon dissipation, the maximum squeezing degree asymptotically converges to a constant as NNN increases, which implies the metrological precision asymptotically approaches the standard quantum limit without parameter optimization. Nevertheless, in parameter optimization we extract a scaling relation of the optimal squeezing which surpasses existing schemes in the literature. Moreover, the optimization also leads to a considerable reduction of the preparation time for the optimal squeezing. Our work may provide insights into dissipation effects in spin squeezing and offer a potential route for high-precision quantum metrology in many-body systems.
As one kind of many body entangled states, spin squeezed states can be used to implement the high precise measurement beyond the standard quantum limit. Inspired by the novel spin squeezing scheme based on phonon-induced spin-spin interactions [S. D. Bennett et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 156402 (2013)], we reexamine the steady-state behaviors for the spin ensemble in diamond nanostructures by exerting a controllable microwave field. By using the phase-space approach we calculate analytically fluctuations of collective spin operators. We find that there is bistability and spin squeezing for the steady-state spin ensemble, despite the mechanical damping considered. Moreover, our work shows that bistability and spin squeezing can be controlled by microwave field and Zeeman splitting. The present scheme can be used to increase the stability of spin clocks, magnetometers, and other measurements based on spin-spin interaction in diamond nanostructures.