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arXiv:1502.02110 · Annals of Physics

Quantum particle confined to a thin-layer volume: Non-uniform convergence toward the curved surface

Yong-Long Wang, Hong-Shi Zong

Published Nov 5, 2015• 38 citations
arXivHTMLPDF
DOI
10.1016/j.aop.2015.10.019

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In Foldy-Wouthuysen representation, this paper deduces the effective quantum mechanics for a relativistic particle confined to a curved surface in an external field by using the thin-layer quantization scheme. It is found that the quantum effects caused by introducing the confining potential can be taken as the results of relativistic correction in the nonrelativistic limit. Meanwhile, the spin connection of the curved surface can produce a Zeeman-like gap through the relativistic correction term. In addition, the confining potential can provide a curvature-independent energy shift resulting from the Zitterbewegung effect. As an example, this paper applies the effective Hamiltonian to a torus surface, in which the spin effects related to the introduced confining potential are obtained. These results demonstrate the scaling of the noncommutation of the nonrelativistic limit and the thin-layer quantization procedure.
The curvature potential arising from confining a particle initially in three-dimensional space onto a curved surface is normally derived in the hard constraint q → 0 limit, with q the degree of freedom normal to the surface. In this work the hard constraint is relaxed, and eigenvalues and wave functions are numerically determined for a particle confined to a thin layer in the neighborhood of a toroidal surface. The hard constraint and finite layer (or soft constraint) quantities are comparable, but both differ markedly from those of the corresponding two dimensional system, indicating that the curvature potential continues to influence the dynamics when the particle is confined to a finite layer. This effect is potentially of consequence to the modelling of curved nanostructures.
We derive the Schrödinger equation of a particle constrained to move on a rotating curved surface S. Using the thin-layer quantization scheme to confine the particle on S, and with a proper choice of gauge transformation for the wave function, we obtain the well-known geometric potential V g and an additive Coriolis-induced geometric potential in the co-rotational curvilinear coordinates. This novel effective potential, which is included in the surface Schrödinger equation and is coupled with the mean curvature of S, contains an imaginary part in the general case which gives rise to a non-Hermitian surface Hamiltonian. We find that the non-Hermitian term vanishes when S is a minimal surface or a revolution surface which is axially symmetric around the rolling axis.