Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:1502.01457 · Physical Review B

Scaling of the entanglement spectrum in driven critical dynamics

Qijun Hu, Shuai Yin, Fan Zhong

Published May 21, 2015• 22 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We present a scaling theory for the entanglement spectrum under an external driving. Based on the static scaling of the Schmidt gap and the theory of finite-time scaling, we show that the Schmidt gap can signal the critical point and be used to estimate the critical exponents no matter in the finite-size scaling region or in the finite-time scaling region. Crossover between the two regions is also demonstrated. We verify our theory using both the one-dimensional transverse-field Ising model and the one-dimensional quantum Potts model. Our results confirm that the Schmidt gap can be regarded as a supplement to the local order parameter.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.91.184109

Related papers

Entanglement Spectrum, Critical Exponents, and Order Parameters in Quantum Spin Chains

Gabriele De Chiara, Luca Lepori, Maciej Lewenstein +1 more

We investigate the entanglement spectrum near criticality in finite quantum spin chains. Using finite size scaling we show that when approaching a quantum phase transition, the Schmidt gap, i.e., the difference between the two largest eigenvalues of the reduced density matrix λ(1), λ(2), signals the critical point and scales with universal critical exponents related to the relevant operators of the corresponding perturbed conformal field theory describing the critical point. Such scaling behavior allows us to identify explicitly the Schmidt gap as a local order parameter.

arXiv:1104.1331•Physical Review Letters•Dec 5, 2012•149 citations

Scaling theory of entanglement entropy in confinements near quantum critical points

Xuanmin Cao, Qijun Hu, Fan Zhong

We propose a unified scaling theory of entanglement entropy in the confinements of finite bond dimensions, dynamics, and system sizes. In the theory, the recently introduced finite-entanglement scaling is generalized to the dynamics subjected to a linear driving along with a finite system size. Competition among the three scales as well as the correlation length of the system is analyzed in detail. Interesting regimes and their complicated crossovers together with their characteristics follow naturally. The theory is verified by time-evolving-block-decimation-based numerical simulations in the one-dimensional transverse-field Ising model under a linear driving.

arXiv:1806.10290•Physical review. B./Physical review. B•Dec 18, 2018•12 citations

An order parameter for impurity systems at quantum criticality

Abolfazl Bayat, Henrik Johannesson, Sougato Bose +1 more

A quantum phase transition may occur in the ground state of a system at zero temperature when a controlling field or interaction is varied. The resulting quantum fluctuations which trigger the transition produce scaling behaviour of various observables, governed by universal critical exponents. A particularly interesting class of such transitions appear in systems with quantum impurities where a non-extensive term in the free energy becomes singular at the critical point. Curiously, the notion of a conventional order parameter that exhibits scaling at the critical point is generically missing in these systems. Here we explore the possibility to use the Schmidt gap, which is an observable obtained from the entanglement spectrum, as an order parameter. A case study of the two-impurity Kondo model confirms that the Schmidt gap faithfully captures the scaling behaviour by correctly predicting the critical exponent of the dynamically generated length scale at the critical point.

arXiv:1404.0828•Nature Communications•May 7, 2014•73 citations

Critical Scaling Behaviors of Entanglement Spectra*

Qi-Cheng Tang, Wei Zhu

We investigate the evolution of entanglement spectra under a global quantum quench from a short-range correlated state to the quantum critical point. Motivated by the conformal mapping, we find that the dynamical entanglement spectra demonstrate distinct finite-size scaling behaviors from the static case. As a prototypical example, we compute real-time dynamics of the entanglement spectra of a one-dimensional transverse-field Ising chain. Numerical simulation confirms that the entanglement spectra scale with the subsystem size l as ∼l −1 for the dynamical equilibrium state, much faster than ∝ ln−1 l for the critical ground state. In particular, as a byproduct, the entanglement spectra at the long time limit faithfully gives universal tower structure of underlying Ising criticality, which shows the emergence of operator-state correspondence in the quantum dynamics.

arXiv:1911.03125•Chinese Physics Letters•Nov 22, 2019•10 citations

Finite-time scaling via linear driving: Application to the two-dimensional Potts model

Xianzhi Huang, Shurong Gong, Fan Zhong +1 more

We apply finite-time scaling to the q-state Potts model with q=3 and 4 on two-dimensional lattices to determine its critical properties. This consists in applying to the model a linearly varying external field that couples to one of its q states to manipulate its dynamics in the vicinity of its criticality and that drives the system out of equilibrium and thus produces hysteresis and in defining an order parameter other than the usual one and a nonequilibrium susceptibility to extract coercive fields. From the finite-time scaling of the order parameter, the coercivity, and the hysteresis area and its derivative, we are able to determine systematically both static and dynamic critical exponents as well as the critical temperature. The static critical exponents obtained in general and the magnetic exponent delta in particular agree reasonably with the conjectured ones. The dynamic critical exponents obtained appear to confirm the proposed dynamic weak universality but unlikely to agree with recent short-time dynamic results for q=4. Our results also suggest an alternative way to characterize the weak universality.

Physical Review E•Apr 30, 2010•14 citations

Universal Driven Critical Dynamics of Entanglement Entropy

Chang-Yu Shen, Shuai Yin, Zi-Xiang Li

The Kibble-Zurek mechanism (KZM) and finite-time scaling (FTS) provide a foundational framework for driven critical dynamics, yet their predictive power has been largely confined to local observables. Here, we establish a universal finite-time scaling theory for the nonequilibrium dynamics of quantum entanglement. Using unbiased quantum Monte Carlo simulations, we investigate the corner entanglement entropy of (2+1)-dimensional interacting Dirac fermions driven from ordered phases toward a quantum critical point. We find that the corner entanglement accurately obeys a universal driven scaling governed by the driving rate and system size, persisting whether the initial ordered state is fully gapped or hosts gapless Goldstone modes. Crucially, this dynamical entanglement exhibits a logarithmic dependence on the driving rate, from which the universal corner coefficient of the underlying conformal field theory can be robustly extracted far from equilibrium. These results generalize the KZM from local observables to the intrinsic nonlocal quantum information measures, offering a practical blueprint for characterizing quantum criticality and entanglement on programmable quantum simulators.

cond-mat.str-elCross-listedarXiv:2609.03854•Sep 4, 2026•0 citations
We present a scaling theory for the entanglement spectrum under an external driving. Based on the static scaling of the Schmidt gap and the theory of finite-time scaling, we show that the Schmidt gap can signal the critical point and be used to estimate the critical exponents no matter in the finite-size scaling region or in the finite-time scaling region. Crossover between the two regions is also demonstrated. We verify our theory using both the one-dimensional transverse-field Ising model and the one-dimensional quantum Potts model. Our results confirm that the Schmidt gap can be regarded as a supplement to the local order parameter.
We investigate the entanglement spectrum near criticality in finite quantum spin chains. Using finite size scaling we show that when approaching a quantum phase transition, the Schmidt gap, i.e., the difference between the two largest eigenvalues of the reduced density matrix λ(1), λ(2), signals the critical point and scales with universal critical exponents related to the relevant operators of the corresponding perturbed conformal field theory describing the critical point. Such scaling behavior allows us to identify explicitly the Schmidt gap as a local order parameter.
We propose a unified scaling theory of entanglement entropy in the confinements of finite bond dimensions, dynamics, and system sizes. In the theory, the recently introduced finite-entanglement scaling is generalized to the dynamics subjected to a linear driving along with a finite system size. Competition among the three scales as well as the correlation length of the system is analyzed in detail. Interesting regimes and their complicated crossovers together with their characteristics follow naturally. The theory is verified by time-evolving-block-decimation-based numerical simulations in the one-dimensional transverse-field Ising model under a linear driving.
A quantum phase transition may occur in the ground state of a system at zero temperature when a controlling field or interaction is varied. The resulting quantum fluctuations which trigger the transition produce scaling behaviour of various observables, governed by universal critical exponents. A particularly interesting class of such transitions appear in systems with quantum impurities where a non-extensive term in the free energy becomes singular at the critical point. Curiously, the notion of a conventional order parameter that exhibits scaling at the critical point is generically missing in these systems. Here we explore the possibility to use the Schmidt gap, which is an observable obtained from the entanglement spectrum, as an order parameter. A case study of the two-impurity Kondo model confirms that the Schmidt gap faithfully captures the scaling behaviour by correctly predicting the critical exponent of the dynamically generated length scale at the critical point.
We investigate the evolution of entanglement spectra under a global quantum quench from a short-range correlated state to the quantum critical point. Motivated by the conformal mapping, we find that the dynamical entanglement spectra demonstrate distinct finite-size scaling behaviors from the static case. As a prototypical example, we compute real-time dynamics of the entanglement spectra of a one-dimensional transverse-field Ising chain. Numerical simulation confirms that the entanglement spectra scale with the subsystem size l as ∼l −1 for the dynamical equilibrium state, much faster than ∝ ln−1 l for the critical ground state. In particular, as a byproduct, the entanglement spectra at the long time limit faithfully gives universal tower structure of underlying Ising criticality, which shows the emergence of operator-state correspondence in the quantum dynamics.
We apply finite-time scaling to the q-state Potts model with q=3 and 4 on two-dimensional lattices to determine its critical properties. This consists in applying to the model a linearly varying external field that couples to one of its q states to manipulate its dynamics in the vicinity of its criticality and that drives the system out of equilibrium and thus produces hysteresis and in defining an order parameter other than the usual one and a nonequilibrium susceptibility to extract coercive fields. From the finite-time scaling of the order parameter, the coercivity, and the hysteresis area and its derivative, we are able to determine systematically both static and dynamic critical exponents as well as the critical temperature. The static critical exponents obtained in general and the magnetic exponent delta in particular agree reasonably with the conjectured ones. The dynamic critical exponents obtained appear to confirm the proposed dynamic weak universality but unlikely to agree with recent short-time dynamic results for q=4. Our results also suggest an alternative way to characterize the weak universality.
The Kibble-Zurek mechanism (KZM) and finite-time scaling (FTS) provide a foundational framework for driven critical dynamics, yet their predictive power has been largely confined to local observables. Here, we establish a universal finite-time scaling theory for the nonequilibrium dynamics of quantum entanglement. Using unbiased quantum Monte Carlo simulations, we investigate the corner entanglement entropy of (2+1)-dimensional interacting Dirac fermions driven from ordered phases toward a quantum critical point. We find that the corner entanglement accurately obeys a universal driven scaling governed by the driving rate and system size, persisting whether the initial ordered state is fully gapped or hosts gapless Goldstone modes. Crucially, this dynamical entanglement exhibits a logarithmic dependence on the driving rate, from which the universal corner coefficient of the underlying conformal field theory can be robustly extracted far from equilibrium. These results generalize the KZM from local observables to the intrinsic nonlocal quantum information measures, offering a practical blueprint for characterizing quantum criticality and entanglement on programmable quantum simulators.