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arXiv:1501.02733

Entanglement and Nonlocality in Many-Body Systems: a primer

Jordi Tura, Ana Belén Sainz, Grass, T., Remigiusz Augusiak, Antonio Acín, Maciej Lewenstein

Published Jan 12, 2015• 11 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Current understanding of correlations and quantum phase transitions in many-body systems has significantly improved thanks to the recent intensive studies of their entanglement properties. In contrast, much less is known about the role of quantum non-locality in these systems. On the one hand, standard, "theorist- and experimentalist-friendly" many-body observables involve correlations among only few (one, two, rarely three...) particles. On the other hand, most of the available multipartite Bell inequalities involve correlations among many particles. Such correlations are notoriously hard to access theoretically, and even harder experimentally. Typically, there is no Bell inequality for many-body systems built only from low-order correlation functions. Recently, however, it has been shown in [J. Tura et al., Science 344, 1256 (2014)] that multipartite Bell inequalities constructed only from two-body correlation functions are strong enough to reveal non-locality in some many-body states, in particular those relevant for nuclear and atomic physics. The purpose of this lecture is to provide an overview of the problem of quantum correlations in many-body systems - from entanglement to nonlocality - and the methods for their characterization.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1501.02733

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Current understanding of correlations and quantum phase transitions in many-body systems has significantly improved thanks to the recent intensive studies of their entanglement properties. In contrast, much less is known about the role of quantum non-locality in these systems. On the one hand, standard, "theorist- and experimentalist-friendly" many-body observables involve correlations among only few (one, two, rarely three...) particles. On the other hand, most of the available multipartite Bell inequalities involve correlations among many particles. Such correlations are notoriously hard to access theoretically, and even harder experimentally. Typically, there is no Bell inequality for many-body systems built only from low-order correlation functions. Recently, however, it has been shown in [J. Tura et al., Science 344, 1256 (2014)] that multipartite Bell inequalities constructed only from two-body correlation functions are strong enough to reveal non-locality in some many-body states, in particular those relevant for nuclear and atomic physics. The purpose of this lecture is to provide an overview of the problem of quantum correlations in many-body systems - from entanglement to nonlocality - and the methods for their characterization.
Intensive studies of entanglement properties have proven essential for our understanding of quantum many-body systems. In contrast, much less is known about the role of quantum nonlocality in these systems because the available multipartite Bell inequalities involve correlations among many particles, which are difficult to access experimentally. We constructed multipartite Bell inequalities that involve only two-body correlations and show how they reveal the nonlocality in many-body systems relevant for nuclear and atomic physics. Our inequalities are violated by any number of parties and can be tested by measuring total spin components, opening the way to the experimental detection of many-body nonlocality, for instance with atomic ensembles.
Nonlocality detection in multipartite quantum systems is of great interest. The most popular tool to detect nonlocality in quantum systems are Bell inequalities. Most of the provided constructions of multipartite Bell inequalities involve correlations between all parties which quickly becomes computationally intractable and hard to test experimentally in many-body quantum systems. Recently, J. Tura and collaborators have shown in [Science 344.6189 (2014): 1256-1258] that detection of nonlocality in multipartite systems is possible with Bell inequalities involving only one- and two- body correlation functions. However, it is uncertain how efficient these new inequalities are. One of the objectives of the present work is to address this question by numerical means. The other objective is to show that these inequalities can also serve as as device independent witnesses of different forms of entanglement such as genuine multipartite entanglement.
We address the question of assessing the number of particles sharing genuinely nonlocal correlations in a multipartite system. While the interest in multipartite nonlocality has grown in recent years, its existence in large quantum systems is difficult to confirm experimentally. This is mostly due to the inadequacy of standard multipartite Bell inequalities to many-body systems: Such inequalities usually rely on expectation values involving many parties, usually all, and require individual addressing of each party. In addition, known Bell inequalities for genuine nonlocality are composed of a number of expectation values that scales exponentially with the number of observers, which makes such inequalities impractical from the experimental point of view. In a recent work [Tura et al., Science 344, 1256 (2014)], it was shown that it is possible to detect nonlocality in multipartite systems using Bell inequalities with only two-body correlators. This opened the way for the detection of Bell correlations with trusted collective measurements through Bell correlation witnesses [Schmied et al., Science 352, 441 (2016)]. These witnesses were recently tested experimentally in many-body systems such as Bose-Einstein condensate or thermal ensembles, hence demonstrating the presence of Bell correlations with assumptions on the statistics. Here, we address the problem of detecting nonlocality depth, a notion that quantifies the number of particles sharing nonlocal correlation in a multipartite system. We introduce a general framework allowing us to derive Bell-like inequalities for nonlocality depth from symmetric two-body correlators. We characterize all such Bell-like inequalities for a finite number of parties and we show that they reveal Bell correlation depth $k\ensuremath{\le}6$ in arbitrarily large systems. We then show how Bell correlation depth can be estimated using quantities that are within reach in current experiments. On one hand, we use the standard multipartite Bell inequalities such the Mermin and Svetlichny ones to derive Bell correlations witnesses of any depth that involves only two collective measurements, one of which being the parity measurement. On the other hand, we show that our two-body Bell inequalities can be turned into witnesses of depth $k\ensuremath{\le}6$ that require measuring total spin components in certain directions. Interestingly, such a witness is violated by existing data from an ensemble of 480 atoms.
While the interest in multipartite nonlocality has grown in recent years, its existence in large quantum systems is difficult to confirm experimentally. This is mostly due to the inadequacy of standard multipartite Bell inequalities to many-body systems: such inequalities usually rely on expectation values involving many parties and require an individual addressing of each party. A recent work [J. Tura et al. Science 344, 6189 (2014)] proposed simpler Bell inequalities overcoming such difficulties, opening the way for the detection of Bell correlations with trusted collecti
Entanglement and nonlocal correlations constitute two fundamental resources for quantum information processing, as they allow for novel tasks that are otherwise impossible in a classical scenario. However, their elusive characterization is still a central problem in Quantum Information Theory. The main reason why such a fundamental issue remains a formidable challenge lies in the exponential growth in complexity of the Hilbert space, as well as the space of nonlocal correlations. Physical systems of interest, on the other hand, display symmetries that can be exploited to reduce this complexity, opening the possibility that, for such systems, some of these questions become tractable. This PhD Thesis is dedicated to the study and characterization of entanglement and nonlocal correlations constrained under symmetries. It contains original results in these four threads of research: PPT entanglement in the symmetric states, nonlocality detection in many-body systems, the non-equivalence between entanglement and nonlocality and elemental monogamies of correlations. First, we study PPT entanglement in fully symmetric n-qubit states. We solve the open question on the existence of four-qubit PPT entangled states of these kind, providing constructive examples and methods. Furthermore, we develop criteria for separability, edgeness and the Schmidt number of PPT entangled symmetric states. Geometrically, we focus on the characterization of extremal states of this family and we provide an algorithm to find states with such properties. Second, we study nonlocality in many-body systems. We consider permutationally and translationally invariant Bell inequalities consisting of two-body correlators. These constitute the first tools to detect nonlocality in many-body systems in an experimentally friendly way with our current technology. Furthermore, we show how these Bell inequalities detect nonlocality in physically relevant systems such as ground states of Hamiltonians that naturally arise e.g., in nuclear physics. We provide analytical classes of Bell inequalities and we analytically characterize which states and measurements are best suited for them. We show that the method we introduce can be fully generalized to correlators of any order in any Bell scenario. Finally, we provide some feedback from a more experimental point of view. Third, we demonstrate that entanglement and nonlocality are inequivalent concepts in general; a question that remained open in the multipartite case. We show that the strongest form of entanglement, genuinely multipartite entanglement, does not imply the strongest form of nonlocality, genuinely multipartite nonlocality, in any case. We give a constructive method that, starting from a multipartite genuinely multipartite state admitting a K-local model, extends it to a genuinely multipartite entangled state of any number of parties while preserving the degree of locality. Finally, we show that nonlocal correlations are monogamous in a much stronger sense than the typical one, in which the figure of merit compares a Bell inequality violation between two sets of parties. We show that the amount of Bell violation that a set of parties observes limits the knowledge that any external observer may gain on any of the outcomes of any of the parties performing the Bell experiment. We show that this holds even if such observer is not limited by quantum physics, but it only obeys the no-signalling principle. Apart from its fundamental interest, we show how these stronger monogamy relations boost the performance of some device-independent (DI) protocols such as DI quantum key distribution or DI randomness amplification. El entrelazamiento y las correlaciones no-locales constituyen dos recursos fundamentales para el procesamiento cuántico de la información, ya que abren la posibilidad de realizar tareas que serían imposibles en el sentido clásico. Sin embargo, su elusiva caracterización aún representa uno de los problemas más importantes en la teoría cuántica de la información. La razón principal por la que una cuestión tan básica sigue siendo un reto formidable subyace en el incremento exponencial de la complejidad del espacio de Hilbert, así como del espacio de las correlaciones no-locales. Por otro lado, los sistemas físicos de interés muestran simetrías que pueden ser aprovechadas para reducir dicha complejidad, abriendo la posibilidad que, para tales sistemas, algunas de esas cuestiones devengan tratables. La presente tesis doctoral está enfocada al estudio de la caracterización del entrelazamiento cuántico y las correlaciones no-locales bajo simetrías. Contiene resultados originales en las siguientes líneas de investigación: entrelazamiento del tipo PPT en estados simétricos, detección de no-localidad en sistemas de muchos cuerpos, la no equivalencia entre el entrelazamiento cuántico y la no-localidad y las correlaciones monogámicas elementales. En primer lugar, estudiamos el entrelazamiento del tipo PPT en estados totalmente simétricos de n bits cuánticos. Resolvemos el problema abierto referente a la existencia de estados PPT entrelazados de cuatro bits cuánticos de este tipo, proporcionando ejemplos y métodos constructivos. Además, desarrollamos criterios de separabilidad, estados frontera y número de Schmidt para estados PPT entrelazados y simétricos. Nos centramos en la caracterización de estados extremos dentro de esta familia y proporcionamos un algoritmo para encontrar estados cuánticos con tales propiedades. En segundo lugar, estudiamos la no-localidad en sistemas de muchos cuerpos. Consideramos desigualdades de Bell, invariantes bajo permutaciones o traslaciones, que involucran correladores entre dos cuerpos como mucho. Dichas desigualdades constituyen los primeros tests de detección de no-localidad en sistemas de muchos cuerpos que son accesibles experimentalmente, con el presente nivel de tecnología. Además, demostramos cómo esas desigualdades de Bell pueden detectar no-localidad en estados físicamente relevantes, como los estados de mínima energía de hamiltonianos que aparecen en física nuclear. Proporcionamos clases analíticas de desigualdades de Bell y caracterizamos, también analíticamente, qué estados y medidas son los más adecuados para ellas. Vemos que el método que introducimos es generalizable a cualquier escenario de Bell. Finalmente, comentamos aspectos de interés desde un punto de vista experimental. En tercer lugar, demostramos que el entrelazamiento y las correlaciones no-locales son conceptos no equivalentes en general, resolviendo un problema que persistía abierto en el caso multipartito. Probamos que la forma más fuerte de entrelazamiento no implica la forma más fuerte de no-localidad en ningún caso. Para ello, damos un método constructivo que, dado un estado cuántico multipartito genuinamente entrelazado que admite un modelo K-local, lo extiende a un estado consistente en un número de subsistemas arbitrario, genuinamente entrelazado, preservando el mismo grado de localidad. Finalmente, demostramos que las correlaciones no-locales son monógamas en un sentido mucho más estricto que el que se considera típicamente. Vemos que la cantidad de violación que un conjunto de observadores mide impone restricciones fundamentales en la información que puede obtener cualquier observador externo, resultado que se mantiene asumiendo sólo la imposibilidad de transmisión instantánea de la información. Demostramos su aplicación en protocolos cuánticos independientes del dispositivo (ID) tales como la distribución cuántica de llaves ID o bien la amplificación de aleatoriedad ID.
Bell inequalities are natural tools that allow one to certify the presence of nonlocality in quantum systems. The known constructions of multipartite Bell inequalities contain, however, correlation functions involving all observers, making their experimental implementation difficult. The main purpose of this work is to explore the possibility of witnessing nonlocality in multipartite quantum states from the easiest-to-measure quantities, that is, the two-body correlations. In particular, we determine all three- and four-partite Bell inequalities constructed from one- and two-body expectation values that obey translational symmetry, and show that they reveal nonlocality in multipartite states. Also, by providing a particular example of a five-partite Bell inequality, we show that nonlocality can be detected from two-body correlators involving only nearest neighbours. Finally, we demonstrate that any translationally invariant Bell inequality can be maximally violated by a translationally invariant state and the same set of observables at all sites. We provide a numerical algorithm allowing one to seek for maximal violation of a translationally invariant Bell inequality. This article is part of a special issue of Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical devoted to ‘50 years of Bell’s theorem’.