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arXiv:1411.2607 · Physical Review B

Truncating an exact matrix product state for the XY model: Transfer matrix and its renormalization

Marek M. Rams, Valentin Zauner-Stauber, Matthias Bal, Jutho Haegeman, Frank Verstraete

Published Dec 28, 2015• 23 citations
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Abstract

We discuss how to analytically obtain an essentially infinite matrix product state (MPS) representation of the ground state of the XY model. On one hand this allows us to illustrate how the Ornstein-Zernike form of the correlation function emerges in the exact case using standard MPS language. On the other hand we study the consequences of truncating the bond dimension of the exact MPS, which is also part of many tensor network algorithms, and analyze how the truncated MPS transfer matrix is representing the dominant part of the exact quantum transfer matrix. In the gapped phase we observe that the correlation length obtained from a truncated MPS approaches the exact value following a power law in effective bond dimension. In the gapless phase we find a good match between a state obtained numerically from standard MPS techniques with finite bond dimension and a state obtained by effective finite imaginary time evolution in our framework. This provides a direct hint for a geometric interpretation of finite entanglement scaling at the critical point in this case. Finally, by analyzing the spectra of transfer matrices, we support the interpretation put forward by V. Zauner et al. [New J. Phys. 17, 053002 (2015)] that the MPS transfer matrix emerges from the quantum transfer matrix though the application of Wilson's numerical renormalization group along the imaginary-time direction.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.92.235150

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We discuss how to analytically obtain an essentially infinite matrix product state (MPS) representation of the ground state of the XY model. On one hand this allows us to illustrate how the Ornstein-Zernike form of the correlation function emerges in the exact case using standard MPS language. On the other hand we study the consequences of truncating the bond dimension of the exact MPS, which is also part of many tensor network algorithms, and analyze how the truncated MPS transfer matrix is representing the dominant part of the exact quantum transfer matrix. In the gapped phase we observe that the correlation length obtained from a truncated MPS approaches the exact value following a power law in effective bond dimension. In the gapless phase we find a good match between a state obtained numerically from standard MPS techniques with finite bond dimension and a state obtained by effective finite imaginary time evolution in our framework. This provides a direct hint for a geometric interpretation of finite entanglement scaling at the critical point in this case. Finally, by analyzing the spectra of transfer matrices, we support the interpretation put forward by V. Zauner et al. [New J. Phys. 17, 053002 (2015)] that the MPS transfer matrix emerges from the quantum transfer matrix though the application of Wilson's numerical renormalization group along the imaginary-time direction.
We discuss how to analytically obtain an -- essentially infinite -- Matrix Product State (MPS) representation of the ground state of the XY model. On the one hand this allows to illustrate how the algebraic part of the correlation function emerges in the exact case using standard MPS language. On the other hand we study the consequences of truncating the bond dimension of the exact MPS which is also part of many tensor network algorithms and we focus on how well the truncated MPS transfer matrix reproduces the dominant part of the exact quantum transfer matrix. In the gapped phase we observe that the correlation length obtained from a truncated MPS approaches the exact value following a power law in effective bond dimension. In the gapless phase we find a good match between a state obtained numerically from standard MPS techniques with finite bond dimension, and a state obtained by effective finite imaginary time evolution in our framework. This provides a direct hint for a geometric interpretation of Finite Entanglement Scaling at the critical point.
The truncation or compression of the spectrum of Schmidt values is inherent to the matrix product state (MPS) approximation of one-dimensional quantum ground states. We provide a renormalization group picture by interpreting this compression as an application of Wilson's numerical renormalization group along the imaginary time direction appearing in the path integral representation of the state. The location of the physical index is considered as an impurity in the transfer matrix and static MPS correlation functions are reinterpreted as dynamical impurity correlations. Coarse-graining the transfer matrix is performed using a hybrid variational ansatz based on matrix product operators, combining ideas of MPS and the multiscale entanglement renormalization ansatz. Through numerical comparison with conventional MPS algorithms, we explicitly verify the impurity interpretation of MPS compression, as put forward by V. Zauner et al. [New J. Phys. 17, 053002 (2015)] for the transverse-field Ising model. Additionally, we motivate the conceptual usefulness of endowing MPS with an internal layered structure by studying restricted variational subspaces to describe elementary excitations on top of the ground state, which serves to elucidate a transparent renormalization group structure ingrained in MPS descriptions of ground states.
We use the formalism of tensor network states to investigate the relation between static correlation functions in the ground state of local quantum many-body Hamiltonians and the dispersion relations of the corresponding low-energy excitations. In particular, we show that the matrix product state transfer matrix (MPS-TM)—a central object in the computation of static correlation functions—provides important information about the location and magnitude of the minima of the low-energy dispersion relation(s), and we present supporting numerical data for one-dimensional lattice and continuum models as well as two-dimensional lattice models on a cylinder. We elaborate on the peculiar structure of the MPS-TM’s eigenspectrum and give several arguments for the close relation between the structure of the low-energy spectrum of the system and the form of the static correlation functions. Finally, we discuss how the MPS-TM connects to the exact quantum transfer matrix of the model at zero temperature. We present a renormalization group argument for obtaining finite bond dimension approximations of the MPS, which allows one to reinterpret variational MPS techniques (such as the density matrix renormalization group) as an application of Wilson’s numerical renormalization group along the virtual (imaginary time) dimension of the system.
We investigate the relation between static correlation functions in the ground state of local quantum many-body Hamiltonians and the dispersion relations of the corresponding low energy excitations using the formalism of tensor network states. In particular, we show that the Matrix Product State Transfer Matrix (MPS-TM) - a central object in the computation of static correlation functions - provides important information about the location and magnitude of the minima of the low energy dispersion relation(s) and present supporting numerical data for one-dimensional lattice and continuum models as well as two-dimensional lattice models on a cylinder. We elaborate on the peculiar structure of the MPS-TM's eigenspectrum and give several arguments for the close relation between the structure of the low energy spectrum of the system and the form of static correlation functions. Finally, we discuss how the MPS-TM connects to the exact Quantum Transfer Matrix (QTM) of the model at zero temperature. We present a renormalization group argument for obtaining finite bond dimension approximations of MPS, which allows to reinterpret variational MPS techniques (such as the Density Matrix Renormalization Group) as an application of Wilson's Numerical Renormalization Group along the virtual (imaginary time) dimension of the system.
(Please refer to arXiv:1810.08050, which has completely different aims but contains all the main contents of this paper) In this work, we propose to access the information of criticality and excitations of one-dimensional quantum systems by a matrix product state (MPS) defined in the (imaginary) time direction. This state, dubbed as time MPS (tMPS), is a boundary state of tensor network (TN) that represents the ground-state simulation after Trotter-Suzuki decomposition. We show that the tMPS exhibits the structure of the continuous MPS originally proposed for the field theories. The information of excitations, e.g., dynamic correlation length and energy gap, can be accurately calculated from the tMPS. The non-universal renormalization of velocity of the excitations is given by a ratio between the correlations of the ground state and the tMPS. When the system is at the quantum critical point, the tMPS is found to show the logarithmic scaling law, where the scaling coefficient gives the central charge that characterizes the criticality of the theory. Our work also implies that the spectra of the transfer matrices defined by the ground state and tMPS provide information of the low-lying masses of the theory in the continuous limit. This could help to understand the role of the finiteness of the bond dimension as an infra red regulator. Furthermore, we show from the perspective of methodology that, the tMPS emerges from a generalized TN ab-initio optimization principle scheme, which unifies the infinite density matrix renormalization group and the infinite time-evolving block decimation algorithms.
The power of matrix product states to describe infinite-size translational-invariant critical spin chains is investigated. At criticality, the accuracy with which they describe ground-state properties of a system is limited by the size $\ensuremath{\chi}$ of the matrices that form the approximation. This limitation is quantified in terms of the scaling of the half-chain entanglement entropy. In the case of the quantum Ising model, we find $S\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{1}{6}\text{log}\text{ }\ensuremath{\chi}$ with high precision. This result can be understood as the emergence of an effective finite correlation length ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}$ ruling all the scaling properties in the system. We produce six extra pieces of evidence for this finite-$\ensuremath{\chi}$ scaling, namely, the scaling of the correlation length, the scaling of magnetization, the shift of the critical point, the scaling of the entanglement entropy for a finite block of spins, the existence of scaling functions, and the agreement with analogous classical results. All our computations are consistent with a scaling relation of the form ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\chi}}^{\ensuremath{\kappa}}$, with $\ensuremath{\kappa}=2$ for the Ising model. In the case of the Heisenberg model, we find similar results with the value $\ensuremath{\kappa}\ensuremath{\sim}1.37$. We also show how finite-$\ensuremath{\chi}$ scaling allows us to extract critical exponents. These results are obtained using the infinite time evolved block decimation algorithm which works in the thermodynamical limit and are verified to agree with density-matrix renormalization-group results and their classical analog obtained with the corner transfer-matrix renormalization group.