Quantum effects are very sensitive to noise, which is a fundamental limit in all experiments. Researchers show that they nevertheless enable precise measurements of magnetic fields in a noisy environment.
Precise measurement of magnetic fields is essential for various applications, such as fundamental physics, space exploration, and biophysics. Although recent progress in quantum engineering has assisted in creating advanced quantum magnetometers, there are still ongoing challenges in improving their efficiency and noise resistance. This study focuses on using symmetric graph state resources for quantum magnetometry to enhance measurement precision by analyzing the estimation theory under time-homogeneous and time-inhomogeneous noise models. The results show a significant improvement in estimating both single and multiple Larmor frequencies. In single Larmor frequency estimation, the quantum Fisher information spans a spectrum from the standard quantum limit to the Heisenberg limit within a periodic range of the Larmor frequency, and in the case of multiple Larmor frequencies, it can exceed the standard quantum limit for both noisy cases. This study highlights the potential of graph state-based methods for improving magnetic field measurements under noisy environments.
Abstract In the last few decades, the atomic magnetometry [1–7] has experienced remarkable development and reached to an outstanding sensitivity. This exciting technology is finding applications in various of fields [8–18]. The last two obstacles to further improve the sensitivity of magnetometry are quantum fluctuations and ambient magnetic field. For magnetometry based on optical readout of atomic ensemble’s spin precession, the fundamental limitation of sensitivity is restricted by spin projection noise (SPN) and photon shot noise (PSN). Meanwhile, in practical applications, ambient magnetic field noise which is regarded as a common-mode magnetic-field (CMM) noise is also limiting the sensitivity. Several techniques for reducing PSN [19–25], SPN [26, 27], and CMM noise [7, 28–31] have been proposed, respectively. To achieve the best sensitivity, it is essential to find an efficacious way to eliminate the noises from different sources, simultaneously. For this purpose, here we demonstrate a sub-shot-noise magnetic gradiometer utilizing entangled optical detection with quantum-correlated twin beams. This leads to the simultaneous suppression of PSN and CMM noise. The quantum enhancement spans a frequency range from 7 Hz to 6 MHz with maximum squeezing of 5.5 dB below the standard quantum limit (SQL). The sensitivity of gradient magnetic field reaches 18 fT/cm√Hz at 20 Hz with these sophisticated techniques. Our study opens up new possibilities to use quantum-enhanced technology in developing sensitive magnetometry for practical applications with noisy and physically demanding environments.
Since the 1950s, experiments searching for the neutron electric dipole moment have increased in sensitivity by six orders of magnitude. Yet, the current experimental sensitivity lies well above that predicted from standard model calculations. Corrections from physics beyond the standard model increase the predicted size of the nEDM, resulting in the nextgeneration of experiments hovering tantalisingly close to the detection sensitivity, to either verify or quash standard model extensions. One such experiment, n2EDM, currently in the commissioning stage at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland, hopes to measure the nEDM with a sensitivity improvement over its predecessor. This thesis details the design, measurement and analysis of hybrid 3He/alkali magnetometers for both accurate and precise magnetic field readings at low and zero fields, crucial for the development of ever-more sensitive fundamental physics searches. The work exploits the precise nature of alkali (87Rb and 133Cs) magnetometry techniques to measure the simultaneous Larmor precession of polarised 3He, avoiding light shifts commonly associated with optically pumped magnetometers. The first part of this work demonstrates the use of a hybrid 3He/87Rb magnetometer for the minimisation of remnant fields in a magnetically shielded environment, resulting in absolute low-field readings below 5 pT. Furthermore, the hybrid magnetometer was shown to be applicable for the reduction of gradient fields by optimising the effective 3He T2 time. This new technique represents a convenient and consistent way to achieve a near-zero magnetic field environment for precision experiments. Second, a new measurement technique was demonstrated using a hybrid 3He/133Cs magnetometer in a 1 µT field, placing experimental limits on the coupling of axion-like dark matter to nucleons. The measurement excluded axion coupling strength to 2:5 x 10-1 GeV-1 for axion masses between 10-20 to 10-17 eV at the 95% level. With the resulting exclusion region weaker than previous measurements, possible improvements to the apparatus should drive the development of a low-cost long-term axion interaction search.