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arXiv:1407.7242 · Physical Review B

High-fidelity quantum memory utilizing inhomogeneous nuclear polarization in a quantum dot

Wenkui Ding, Anqi Shi, J. Q. You, Wenxian Zhang

Published Dec 11, 2014• 14 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We numerically investigate the encoding and retrieval processes for quantum memory realized in a semiconductor quantum dot by focusing on the effect of inhomogeneously polarized nuclear spins whose polarization depends on the local hyperfine coupling strength. We find that the performance of quantum memory is significantly improved by inhomogeneous nuclear polarization, as compared with homogeneous nuclear polarization. Moreover, the narrower the nuclear polarization distribution is, the better is the performance of the quantum memory. We ascribe the improvement in performance to the full harnessing of the highly polarized and strongly coupled nuclear spins by carefully studying the entropy change of individual nuclear spins during the encoding process. Our results shed light on the implementation of quantum memory in a quantum dot.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.90.235421

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We numerically investigate the encoding and retrieval processes for quantum memory realized in a semiconductor quantum dot by focusing on the effect of inhomogeneously polarized nuclear spins whose polarization depends on the local hyperfine coupling strength. We find that the performance of quantum memory is significantly improved by inhomogeneous nuclear polarization, as compared with homogeneous nuclear polarization. Moreover, the narrower the nuclear polarization distribution is, the better is the performance of the quantum memory. We ascribe the improvement in performance to the full harnessing of the highly polarized and strongly coupled nuclear spins by carefully studying the entropy change of individual nuclear spins during the encoding process. Our results shed light on the implementation of quantum memory in a quantum dot.
Nuclear spins in quantum dots are promising candidates for fast and scalable quantum memory. By utilizing the hyperfine interaction between the central electron and its surrounding nuclei, quantum information can be transferred to the collective state of the nuclei and stored for a long time. However, nuclear spin fluctuations in a partially polarized nuclear bath degrade the quantum memory fidelity. Here, we introduce a noise-resistant protocol to realize fast and high-fidelity quantum memory through Hamiltonian engineering. With analytics and numerics, we show that a high-fidelity quantum state transfer between the electron and the nuclear spins is achievable at relatively low nuclear polarizations, due to the strong suppression of nuclear spin noises. For a realistic quantum dot with 104{10}^{4}104 nuclear spins, a fidelity surpassing 80% is possible at a polarization as low as 30%. Our approach reduces the demand for high nuclear polarization, making experimentally realizing quantum memory in quantum dots more feasible.
Recently, an ensemble of nuclear spins in a quantum dot have been proposed as a long-lived quantum memory. A quantum state of an electron spin in the dot can be faithfully transfered into nuclear spins through controlled hyperfine coupling. Here we study the decoherence of this memory due to nuclear spin dipolar coupling and inhomogeneous hyperfine interaction during the storage period. We calculated the maximum fidelity of writing, storing, and reading operations. Our results show that nuclear spin dynamics can severely limit the performance of the proposed device for quantum information processing and storage based on nuclear spins.
We present a mechanism to protect quantum information stored in an ensemble of nuclear spins in a semiconductor quantum dot. When the dot is charged the nuclei interact with the spin of the excess electron through the hyperfine coupling. If this coupling is made off-resonant, it leads to an energy gap between the collective storage states and all other states. We show that the energy gap protects the quantum memory from local spin-flip and spin-dephasing noise. Effects of nonperfect initial spin polarization and inhomogeneous hyperfine coupling are discussed.
In this paper, we show how to realize a quantum interface between optical fields and the polarized nuclear spins in a singly charged quantum dot, which is strongly coupled to a high-finesse optical cavity. Effective direct coupling between cavity and nuclear spins is obtained by adiabatically eliminating the (far detuned) excitonic and electronic states. The requirements for mapping qubit and continuous variable states of cavity or traveling-wave fields to the collective nuclear spin are investigated: for cavity fields, we consider adiabatic passage processes to transfer the states. It is seen that a significant improvement in cavity lifetimes beyond present-day technology would be required for a quantum interface. We then turn to a scheme that couples the nuclei to the output field of the cavity and does not require a long-lived cavity. We show that the lifetimes reported in the literature and the recently achieved nuclear polarization of ∼90% allow both high-fidelity read-out and write-in of quantum information between the nuclear spins and the output field. We discuss the performance of the scheme and provide a convenient description of the dipolar dynamics of the nuclei for highly polarized spins, demonstrating that this process does not affect the performance of our protocol.
The realization of effective quantum error correction protocols remains a central challenge in the development of scalable quantum computers. Employing high-dimensional quantum systems (qudits) can offer more hardware-efficient protocols than qubit-based approaches. Using electron-nuclear double resonance, we implement a logical qubit encoded on the four states of a I=3/2 nuclear spin hyperfine-coupled to an S=1/2 electron spin qubit; the encoding protects against the dominant decoherence mechanism in such systems, i.e., fluctuations of the quantizing magnetic field. We explore the dynamics of the encoded state both under a controlled application of the fluctuation and under natural decoherence processes. Our results confirm the potential of these proposals for practical, implementable, fault-tolerant quantum memories.
Quantum memories provide intermediate storage of quantum information until it is needed for the next step of a quantum algorithm or a quantum communication process. Relevant figures of merit are therefore the fidelity with which the information can be written and retrieved, the storage time, and also the speed of the read-write process. Here, we present experimental data on a quantum memory consisting of a single 13{}^{13}13C nuclear spin that is strongly coupled to the electron spin of a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond. The strong hyperfine interaction of the nearest-neighbor carbon results in transfer times of 300 ns between the register qubit and the memory qubit, with an overall fidelity of 88% for the write-storage-read cycle. The observed storage times of 3.3 ms appear to be limited by the T1{T}_{1}T1​ relaxation of the electron spin. We discuss a possible scheme that may extend the storage time beyond this limit.