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arXiv:1407.0990 · Physical Review A

Equation of state and phase transition in spin-orbit-coupled Bose gases at finite temperature: A perturbation approach

Zeng-Qiang Yu

Published Nov 7, 2014• 15 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We study two-component Bose gases with Raman induced spin-orbit coupling via a perturbation approach at finite temperature. For weak coupling, free energy is expanded in terms of Raman coupling strength up to the second order, where the coefficient (referred to as Raman susceptibility) is determined according to linear response theory. The equation of state for the stripe phase and the plane-wave phase are obtained in Popov approximation, and the first order transition between these two phases is investigated. As temperature increases, we find the phase boundary bends toward the stripe phase side in most temperature regions, which implies the ferromagnetic order is more robust than the crystalline order in presence of thermal fluctuations. Our results qualitatively agree with the recent experimental observation in rubidium atomic gases. A method to measure Raman susceptibility through the two-photon Bragg scattering experiment is also discussed.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.90.053608

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We study two-component Bose gases with Raman induced spin-orbit coupling via a perturbation approach at finite temperature. For weak coupling, free energy is expanded in terms of Raman coupling strength up to the second order, where the coefficient (referred to as Raman susceptibility) is determined according to linear response theory. The equation of state for the stripe phase and the plane-wave phase are obtained in Popov approximation, and the first order transition between these two phases is investigated. As temperature increases, we find the phase boundary bends toward the stripe phase side in most temperature regions, which implies the ferromagnetic order is more robust than the crystalline order in presence of thermal fluctuations. Our results qualitatively agree with the recent experimental observation in rubidium atomic gases. A method to measure Raman susceptibility through the two-photon Bragg scattering experiment is also discussed.
We theoretically study a three-dimensional weakly interacting Bose gas with Raman-induced spin-orbit coupling at finite temperature. By employing a generalized Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov theory with Popov approximation, we determine a complete finite-temperature phase diagram of three exotic condensation phases (i.e., the stripe, plane-wave, and zero-momentum phases), against both quantum and thermal fluctuations. We find that the plane-wave phase is significantly broadened by thermal fluctuations. The phonon mode and sound velocity at the transition from the plane-wave phase to the zero-momentum phase are thoughtfully analyzed. At zero temperature, we find that quantum fluctuations open an unexpected gap in sound velocity at the phase transition, in stark contrast to the previous theoretical prediction of a vanishing sound velocity. At finite temperature, thermal fluctuations continue to significantly enlarge the gap, and simultaneously shift the critical minimum. For a Bose gas of 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms at the typical experimental temperature, T=0.3T0T=0.3{T}_{0}T=0.3T0​, where T0{T}_{0}T0​ is the critical temperature of an ideal Bose gas without spin-orbit coupling, our results of gap opening and critical minimum shifting in the sound velocity are qualitatively consistent with the recent experimental observation [Ji et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 105301 (2015)].
Sum rules for the dynamic structure factors are powerful tools to explore the collective behaviors in many-body systems at zero temperature as well as at finite temperatures. The recent remarkable realization of synthetic spin-orbit (SO) coupling in quantum gases is opening up new perspective to study the intriguing SO effects with ultracold atoms. So far, a specific type of SO coupling, which is generated by a pair of Raman laser beams, has been experimentally achieved in Bose-Einstein condensates of 87Rb and degenerate Fermi gases of 40K and 6Li. In the presence of SO coupling, the dynamic structure factors for the density fluctuation and spin fluctuation satisfy different sum rules. In particular, in the two-component quantum gases with inter-species Raman coupling, the f-sum rule for the spin fluctuation has an additional term proportional to the transverse spin polarization. Due to the coupling between the momentum and spin, the first moment of the dynamic structure factor does not necessarily possess the inversion symmetry, which is in strong contrast to the conventional system without SO coupling. Such an asymmetric behavior could be observed in both Fermi gases and Bose gases with Raman coupling. As a demonstration, we focus on the uniform case at zero temperature in this work. For the non-interacting Fermi gases, the asymmetric first moment appears only when the Raman detuning is finite. The asymmetric amplitude is quite limited, and it vanishes at both zero detuning and infinite detuning. For the weakly interacting Bose gases, the first moment is asymmetric in momentum space even at zero detuning, when the ground state spontaneously breaks the Z2 symmetry in the plane-wave condensation phase. Using the Bogoliubov method, the dynamic structure factor and its first moment are explicitly calculated for various interaction parameters. We find that the asymmetric behavior in the spin channel could be much more significant than in the density channel, and the asymmetric amplitude is enhanced as the interaction strength increases. Experimentally, the dynamic structure factors can be directly measured through the two photon Bragg scattering. Numeric simulations show that to observe the deviation of inversion symmetry in the first moment, the resolution of the Bragg spectroscopy should reach a required value. For the typical parameters of the rubidium atomic gas, the required resolution is about 10-2Er with Er being the recoil energy. Our predictions can be tested in the future experiment.
Abstract We implement the Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov theory with the Popov approximation for a homogeneous Raman-induced spin–orbit-coupled spin-1 Bose–Einstein condensate and investigate the effects of finite temperature (T) on the ground-state phase diagram. We calculate the roton gap as a function of Raman coupling (Ω) or quadratic Zeeman field strength (ε) to extract the critical points separating the supersolid stripe phase from the plane wave or zero-momentum phase at finite temperatures. We present a few representative finite-temperature phase diagrams for the system in the T − Ω and T − ϵ planes. Our observations indicate that the supersolid stripe phase melts at finite temperatures. We also discuss the contrasting roles of quantum and thermal fluctuations in shifting the phase boundary separating the supersolid stripe from the plane-wave phase.
We investigate the superfluidity of a three-dimensional weakly interacting Bose gas with a one-dimensional Raman-type spin-orbit coupling at both zero and finite temperatures. Using the imaginary-time Green's function within the Bogoliubov approximation, we explicitly derive analytic expressions of the current-current response functions in the plane-wave and zero-momentum phases, from which we extract the superfluid density in the limits of long wavelength and zero frequency. At zero temperature, we check that the resultant superfluid density agrees exactly with our previous analytic prediction obtained from a phase-twist approach. Both results also satisfy a generalized Josephson relation in the presence of spin-orbit coupling. At finite temperature, we find a significant nonmonotonic temperature dependence of superfluid density near the transition from the plane-wave phase to the zero-momentum phase. We show that this nontrivial behavior might be understood from the sound velocity, which has a similar temperature dependence. The nonmonotonic temperature dependence is also shared by Landau critical velocity, above which the spin-orbit-coupled Bose gas loses its superfluidity. Our results would be useful for further theoretical and experimental studies of superfluidity in exotic spin-orbit-coupled quantum gases.
We study the ground-state phase diagram and the quantum phase transitions in spin-1 Bose gases with Raman-induced spin-orbit coupling. In addition to the Bose-Einstein condensates with uniform density, three types of stripe condensation phases that simultaneously break the U(1) symmetry and the translation symmetry are identified. The transitions between these phases are investigated, and the occurrences of the various tricritical points are predicted. The excitation spectra in the plane-wave phase and the zero-momentum phase show rich roton-maxon structures, and their instabilities indicate the tendency to develop the crystalline order. We propose the atomic gas of 23Na^{23}\mathrm{Na}23Na could be a candidate for observing the stripe condensate with high contrast fringes.
Excited-state quantum phase transitions depend on and reveal the structure of the whole spectrum of many-body systems. While they are theoretically well understood, finding suitable signatures and detecting them in actual experiments remains challenging. For instance, in spinor gases, excited-state phases have been identified and characterized through a topological order parameter that is challenging to measure in experiments. Here we propose the Raman-dressed spin-orbit-coupled gas as a novel platform to explore excited-state quantum phase transitions. In a weakly coupled regime, the dressed system is equivalent to a spinor gas with tunable spin-spin interactions. Through this equivalence we are able to identify excited-state phases in the Raman-dressed Bose gas. The phases are characterized by the behavior of the spatial density modulations, or stripes, induced by spin-orbit coupling, and can in principle be measured in current state-of-the-art experiments with ultracold atoms. Conversely, we show that the properties of the excited phase can be exploited to prepare stripe states with large and stable density modulations.