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arXiv:1406.6643 · Physical Review B

Entanglement patterns and generalized correlation functions in quantum many-body systems

Gergely Barcza, R. M. Noack, Jenő Sólyom, Örs Legeza

Published Sep 22, 2015• 38 citations
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Abstract

We introduce transition operators that in a given basis of the single-site states of a many-body system have a single nonvanishing matrix element and introduce their correlation functions. We show that they fall into groups that decay with the same rate. The mutual information defined in terms of the von Neumann entropy between two sites is given in terms of these so-called generalized correlation functions. We confirm numerically that the long-distance decay of the mutual information follows the square of that of the most slowly decaying generalized correlation function. The main advantage of our procedure is that, in order to identify the most relevant physical processes, there is no need to know a priori the nature of the ordering in the system, i.e., no need to explicitly construct particular physical correlation functions. We explore the behavior of the mutual information and the generalized correlation functions for comformally invariant models and for the $\text{SU}(n)$ Hubbard model with $n=2,3,4$, and 5, which are, in general, not conformally invariant. In this latter case, we show that for filling $f=1/q$ and $q<n$, the ground state consists of highly entangled $q$-site units that are further entangled by single bonds. In addition, we extend the picture of the two-site mutual information and the corresponding generalized correlation functions to the $n$-site case.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.92.125140

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We introduce transition operators that in a given basis of the single-site states of a many-body system have a single nonvanishing matrix element and introduce their correlation functions. We show that they fall into groups that decay with the same rate. The mutual information defined in terms of the von Neumann entropy between two sites is given in terms of these so-called generalized correlation functions. We confirm numerically that the long-distance decay of the mutual information follows the square of that of the most slowly decaying generalized correlation function. The main advantage of our procedure is that, in order to identify the most relevant physical processes, there is no need to know a priori the nature of the ordering in the system, i.e., no need to explicitly construct particular physical correlation functions. We explore the behavior of the mutual information and the generalized correlation functions for comformally invariant models and for the SU(n)\text{SU}(n)SU(n) Hubbard model with n=2,3,4n=2,3,4n=2,3,4, and 5, which are, in general, not conformally invariant. In this latter case, we show that for filling f=1/qf=1/qf=1/q and q<nq<nq<n, the ground state consists of highly entangled qqq-site units that are further entangled by single bonds. In addition, we extend the picture of the two-site mutual information and the corresponding generalized correlation functions to the nnn-site case.
The role of two-point and multipartite entanglement at quantum phase transitions (QPTs) in correlated electron systems is investigated. We consider a bond-charge extended Hubbard model exactly solvable in one dimension which displays various QPTs---with two (qubit) as well as more (qudit) on-site degrees of freedom involved. The analysis is carried out by means of appropriate measures of bipartite/multipartite quantum correlations. It is found that all transitions ascribed to two-point correlations are characterized by an entanglement range which diverges at the transition points. The exponent coincides with that of the correlation length at the transitions. We introduce the correlation ratio, namely, the ratio of quantum mutual information and single-site entanglement. We show that at T=0T=0T=0, it captures the relative role of two-point and multipartite quantum correlations at transition points, generalizing to qudit systems the entanglement ratio. Moreover, a finite value of quantum mutual information between infinitely distant sites is seen to quantify the presence of off-diagonal long-range order induced by multipartite entanglement.
The possibility to directly measure, in a cold-atom quantum simulator, the von Neumann entropy and mutual information between a site and its environment opens new perspectives on the characterization of the Mott-Hubbard metal-insulator transition, in the framework of quantum information theory. In this work, we provide an alternative view of the Mott transition in the two-dimensional Hubbard model in terms of rigorous quasilocal measures of entanglement and correlation between two spatially separated electronic orbitals, with no contribution from their environment. A space-resolved analysis of cluster dynamical mean-field theory results elucidates the prominent role of the nearest-neighbor entanglement in probing Mott localization: both its lower and upper bounds sharply increase at the metal-insulator transition. The two-site entanglement beyond nearest neighbors is shown to be quickly damped as the intersite distance is increased. These results ultimately resolve a conundrum of previous analyses based on the single-site von Neumann entropy, which has been found to monotonically decrease when the interaction is increased. The quasilocal two-site entanglement recovers instead the distinctive character of Mott insulators as strongly correlated quantum states, demonstrating its central role in the 2d2d2d Hubbard model.
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We consider Majorana lattices with two-site interactions consisting of a general function of the fermion bilinear. The models are exactly solvable in the limit of a large number of on-site fermions. The four-site chain exhibits a quantum phase transition controlled by the hopping parameters and manifests itself in a discontinuous entanglement entropy, obtained by constraining the one-sided modular Hamiltonian. Inspired by recent work within the AdS/CFT correspondence, we identify transitions between types of von Neumann operator algebras throughout the phase diagram. We find transitions of the form II_{1}↔III↔I_{∞} that reduce to II_{1}↔I_{∞} in the strongly interacting limit, where they connect nonfactorized and factorized ground states. Our results provide novel realizations of such transitions in a controlled many-body model.
Many-body states that are invariant under particle relabeling, the permutation symmetric states, occur naturally when the system dynamics is described by symmetric processes or collective spin operators. We derive expressions for the reduced density matrix for arbitrary subsystem decomposition for these states and study properties of permutation symmetric states and their subsystems when the joint system is picked randomly and uniformly. Thus defining an appropriate random matrix ensemble, we find the average linear entropy and von Neumann entropy, which implies that random permutation symmetric states are marginally entangled and as a consequence the tripartite mutual information (TMI) is typically positive, preventing information from being shared globally. Applying these results to the quantum kicked top viewed as a multiqubit system, we find that entanglement, mutual information, and TMI all increase for large subsystems across the Ehrenfest or logarithmic time and saturate at the random state values if there is global chaos. During this time the out-of-time-order correlators evolve exponentially, implying scrambling in phase space. We discuss how positive TMI may coexist with such scrambling.
The entanglement properties of correlated wave functions commonly employed in theories of strongly correlated many-body systems are studied. The variational treatment of the transverse Ising model within correlated-basis theory is reviewed, and existing calculations of the one- and two-body reduced density matrices are used to evaluate or estimate established measures of bipartite entanglement, including the Von Neumann entropy, the concurrence, and localizable entanglement, for square, cubic, and hypercubic lattice systems. The results discussed in relation to the findings of previous studies that explore the relationship of entanglement behaviors to quantum critical phenomena and quantum phase transitions. It is emphasized that Jastrow-correlated wave functions and their extensions contain multipartite entanglement to all orders.