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arXiv:1406.4886 · Foundations of Physics

CHSH Inequality: Quantum Probabilities as Classical Conditional Probabilities

Andrei Yu. Khrennikov

Published Nov 9, 2014• 61 citations
arXivHTMLPDF
DOI
10.1007/s10701-014-9851-8

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A generalisation of the Leggett-Garg inequality (LGI) and the Bell-CHSH inequality is proposed in this work, by replacing a classical probability notion with an extended probability notion. The extended probability serves as an underlying layer of reality to the classical probability. Within the consistent history framework, the underlying layer is so-called a non-settleable history. Hence, the bounds of the LGIs and Bell-CHSH inequalities are extended. The resulting generalised inequalities are satisfied without violation for arbitrary measurement settings. Furthermore, generalised Macro- realism and generalised Local realism are introduced and analysed within the extended probability framework without relying on an explicit measurement. This opens up further possibilities on one of the great pursuits in physics, understanding on how a quantum system can possess classical properties.
In this work we aim to analyze the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt CHSH inequality strictly in the context of probability theory. In the course of assembling inequality we have to take care not to produce assumptions a priori, that is, physically or intuitively accepted suppositions. Of course, this does not mean that after these considerations, we put the adequate physical conditions suitable and generally accepted in these contexts. This allows us to clearly visualize the possibility of finding a greater inequality than that of CHSH in which it is included. This inequality does not contradict the CHSH inequality. This result is suported by using a robust computational simulation, showing the possibility for obtaining an inequality for quantum mechanics that is not violated and allows random hidden variables without any conflict with Bell's inequality.
Abstract Various inequalities (Boole inequality, Chung–Erdös inequality, Frechet inequality) for Kolmogorov (classical) probabilities are considered. Quantum counterparts of these inequalities are introduced, which have an extra ‘quantum correction’ term, and which hold for all quantum states. When certain sufficient conditions are satisfied, the quantum correction term is zero, and the classical version of these inequalities holds for all states. But in general, the classical version of these inequalities is violated by some of the quantum states. For example in bipartite systems, classical Boole inequalities hold for all rank one (factorizable) states, and are violated by some rank two (entangled) states. A logical approach to CHSH inequalities (which are related to the Frechet inequalities), is studied in this context. It is shown that CHSH inequalities hold for all rank one (factorizable) states, and are violated by some rank two (entangled) states. The reduction of the rank of a pure state by a quantum measurement with both orthogonal and coherent projectors, is studied. Bounds for the average rank reduction are given.