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arXiv:1404.6329

Revisiting Quantum discord for two-qubit X states: Error bound to Analytical formula

Min Namkung, Jinho Chang, Jaehee Shin, Younghun Kwon

Published Apr 25, 2014• 1 citation
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Abstract

In this article, we investigate the error bound of quantum discord, obtained by the analytic formula of Ali et al.[Phys. Rev. A 81(2010), 042105] in case of general X states and by the analytic formula of Fanchini et al.[Phys. Rev. A 81(2010), 052107] in case of symmetric X states. We show that results of Ali et. al. to general X states and Fanchini et al. to symmetric X states may have worst-case error of 0.004565 and 0.0009 respectively.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1404.6329

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In this article, we investigate the error bound of quantum discord, obtained by the analytic formula of Ali et al.[Phys. Rev. A 81(2010), 042105] in case of general X states and by the analytic formula of Fanchini et al.[Phys. Rev. A 81(2010), 052107] in case of symmetric X states. We show that results of Ali et. al. to general X states and Fanchini et al. to symmetric X states may have worst-case error of 0.004565 and 0.0009 respectively.
Quantum discord is a measure of quantum correlation beyond entanglement. Computing quantum discord for simple quantum states is a basic problem. An analytical formula of quantum discord for two-qubit XXX states is first claimed in [Ali, Rau, and Alber, Phys. Rev. A 81, 042105 (2010)], but later found to be not always correct. I observe numerically that the formula is valid with worst-case absolute error 0.0021. For symmetric two-qubit XXX states, I give a counterexample to the analytical formula derived in [F. F. Fanchini et al., Phys. Rev. A 81, 052107 (2010)], but observe that the formula is valid with worst-case absolute error 0.0006. The formula has been used in many research papers. The results in all these works are approximately correct, even if they may not be exactly correct.
Quantum discord provides a measure for quantifying quantum correlations beyond entanglement and is very hard to compute even for two-qubit states because of the minimization over all possible measurements. Recently a simple algorithm to evaluate the quantum discord for two-qubit XXX states was proposed by Ali, Rau, and Alber [Phys. Rev. A 81, 042105 (2010)] with minimization taken over only a few cases. Here we shall at first identify a class of XXX states, whose quantum discord can be evaluated analytically without any minimization, for which their algorithm is valid, and also identify a family of XXX states for which their algorithm fails. And then we demonstrate that this special family of XXX states provides furthermore an explicit example for the inequivalence between the minimization over positive operator-valued measures and that over von Neumann measurements.
The geometric quantum discord of a two-qudit state has been studied in many papers; however, its exact analytical value in the explicit form is known only for a general two-qubit state, a general qubit-qudit state, and some special families of two-qudit states. Based on the general Bloch vectors formalism [E. R. Loubenets et al., J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 54, 195301 (2021)], we find the explicit exact analytical value of the geometric quantum discord for an arbitrary two-qudit state of any dimension via the parameters of its correlation matrix and the Bloch vectors of its reduced states. This general analytical result includes all the known exact results on the geometric quantum discord only as particular cases and proves rigorously that the lower bound on the geometric discord presented in [S. Rana et al., Phys. Rev. A 85, 024102 (2012)] constitutes its exact value for each two-qudit state. Moreover, our general result allows us to find for an arbitrary two-qudit state, pure or mixed, the upper and lower bounds on its geometric quantum discord, expressed via the Hilbert space characteristics of this state.
Quantum discord for two-qubit XXX-states: A comprehensive approach inspired by classical polarization optics
Classical correlation and quantum discord are computed for two-qubit XXX-states. Our approach, which is inspired by the methods of classical polarization optics, is geometric in the sense that the entire analysis is tied to the correlation ellipsoid of all normalized conditional states of the A-qubit with measurement elements applied to the B-qubit. Aspects of the computation which depend on the location of the reduced state of A inside the ellipsoid get clearly separated from those which do not. Our treatment is comprehensive\,: all known results are reproduced, often more economically, and several new insights and results emerge. Detailed reexamination of the famous work of Ali, Rau, and Alber [Phys. Rev. A {\bf 81}, 042105 (2010)], in the light of ours and a counterexample we manufacture against their principal theorem points to an uncommon situation in respect of their principal result\,: their theorem turns out to be `numerically correct' in all but a very tiny region in the space of XXX-states, notwithstanding the fact that their proof of the theorem seems to make, in the disguise of an unusual group theoretic argument, an {\em a priori} assumption equivalent to the theorem itself.