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arXiv:1404.4603 · Physical Review A

Complex modes in unstable quadratic bosonic forms

R. Rossignoli, A.M. Kowalski

Published Sep 2, 2005• 53 citations
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Abstract

We discuss the necessity of using nonstandard boson operators for diagonalizing quadratic bosonic forms which are not positive definite and its convenience for describing the temporal evolution of the system. Such operators correspond to non-Hermitian coordinates and momenta and are associated with complex frequencies. As application, we examine a bosonic version of a BCS-like pairing Hamiltonian, which, in contrast with the fermionic case, is stable just for limited values of the gap parameter and requires the use of the present extended treatment for a general diagonal representation. The dynamical stability of such forms and the occurrence of nondiagonalizable cases are also discussed.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.72.032101

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We discuss the necessity of using nonstandard boson operators for diagonalizing quadratic bosonic forms which are not positive definite and its convenience for describing the temporal evolution of the system. Such operators correspond to non-Hermitian coordinates and momenta and are associated with complex frequencies. As application, we examine a bosonic version of a BCS-like pairing Hamiltonian, which, in contrast with the fermionic case, is stable just for limited values of the gap parameter and requires the use of the present extended treatment for a general diagonal representation. The dynamical stability of such forms and the occurrence of nondiagonalizable cases are also discussed.
We analyze the spectrum and normal-mode representation of general quadratic bosonic forms HHH not necessarily Hermitian. It is shown that, in the one-dimensional case, such forms exhibit either a harmonic regime where both HHH and ${H}^{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}}$ have a discrete spectrum with biorthogonal eigenstates, and a coherent-like regime where either HHH or ${H}^{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}}$ have a continuous complex twofold degenerate spectrum, while its adjoint has no convergent eigenstates. These regimes reflect the nature of the pertinent normal boson operators. Nondiagonalizable cases as well critical boundary sectors separating these regimes are also analyzed. The extension to NNN-dimensional quadratic systems is also discussed.
Abstract Unlike their fermionic counterparts, the dynamics of Hermitian quadratic bosonic Hamiltonians are governed by a generally non-Hermitian Bogoliubov-de Gennes effective Hamiltonian. This underlying non-Hermiticity gives rise to a dynamically stable regime, whereby all observables undergo bounded evolution in time, and a dynamically unstable one, whereby evolution is unbounded for at least some observables. We show that stability-to-instability transitions may be classified in terms of a suitably generalized P T symmetry , which can be broken when diagonalizability is lost at exceptional points in parameter space, but also when degenerate real eigenvalues split off the real axis while the system remains diagonalizable. By leveraging tools from Krein stability theory in indefinite inner-product spaces, we introduce an indicator of stability phase transitions, which naturally extends the notion of phase rigidity from non-Hermitian quantum mechanics to the bosonic setting. As a paradigmatic example, we fully characterize the stability phase diagram of a bosonic analogue to the Kitaev–Majorana chain under a wide class of boundary conditions. In particular, we establish a connection between phase-dependent transport properties and the onset of instability, and argue that stable regions in parameter space become of measure zero in the thermodynamic limit. Our analysis also reveals that boundary conditions that support Majorana zero modes in the fermionic Kitaev chain are precisely the same that support stability in the bosonic chain.
A system of linearly coupled quantum harmonic oscillators can be diagonalized when the system is dynamically stable using a Bogoliubov canonical transformation. However, this is just a particular case of more general canonical transformations that can be performed even when the system is dynamically unstable. Specific canonical transformations can transform a quadratic Hamiltonian into a normal form, which greatly helps to elucidate the underlying physics of the system. Here, we provide a self-contained review of the normal form of a quadratic Hamiltonian as well as step-by-step instructions to construct the corresponding canonical transformation for the most general case. Among other examples, we show how the standard two-mode Hamiltonian with a quadratic position coupling presents, in the stability diagram, all the possible normal forms corresponding to different types of dynamical instabilities.
We revisit the problem of characterizing band topology in dynamically stable quadratic bosonic Hamiltonians that do not conserve particle number. We show this problem can be rigorously addressed by a smooth and local adiabatic mapping procedure to a particle-number-conserving Hamiltonian. In contrast to a generic fermionic pairing Hamiltonian, such a mapping can always be constructed for bosons. Our approach shows that particle-nonconserving bosonic Hamiltonians can be classified using known approaches for fermionic models. It also provides a simple means for identifying and calculating appropriate topological invariants. We also explicitly study dynamically stable but non-positive-definite Hamiltonians (as arise frequently in driven photonic systems). We show that in this case, each band gap is characterized by two distinct invariants.
This thesis is concerned with the properties of dynamical systems with Hamiltonians which are general quadratic combinations of classical or quantum canonical variables or of Boson or Fermion annihilation and creation operators.Chapter I, consisting of six sections, deals mainly with sets of canonical forms for quadratic Hamiltonians under the action of the group of linear canonical transformations.By viewing the group of C.C.R.Bogoliubov transformations as Sp(2tf, i?) , a full set of canonical Boson Hamiltonians, labelled by the invariants for symplectic conjugacy classes, is obtained.Since the conjugacy class of a real orthogonal matrix is determined by its eigenvalues, there is only one type of canonical form for quadratic Fermion Hamiltonians.Unlike the Fermion case, indefinite Boson Hamiltonians can not in general be reduced to a sum of quasi-particle number operators.However, it is shown how spectral theory in Krein space rigorizes the full reduction of a strictly positive quadratic Boson Hamiltonian for which the single particle space is infinite dimensional.In the case of infinite degrees of freedom, there are various existence criteria for a unitary operator which implements a given Bogoliubov transformation and the equivalence of these is discussed in Section 6.Cahpter II, consisting of seven sections, applies the techniques of Chapter I to algebraic quantization.The Boson commutation relations , among formal mode operators obtained in heuristic quantization, are shown to be incompatible with the canonical commutation relations among conjugate variables unless the motion is stable.Segal quantization of any real
Non-Hermitian physics has emerged as a rapidly advancing field of research, revealing a range of novel phenomena and potential applications. Traditional non-Hermitian Hamiltonians are typically simulated by constructing asymmetric couplings or by introducing dissipation and gain to realize non-Hermitian systems. The quadratic bosonic system (QBS) with squeezing interaction is intrinsically Hermitian; however, its dynamical evolution matrix in both real and momentum spaces is non-Hermitian. Based on this, applying a field-operator transformation xp to the dynamical evolution matrix yields quadrature nonreciprocal transmission between the x and p operators. This nonreciprocal characteristic can be utilized in signal amplifiers. On the other hand, within the Bogoliubov-de Gennes framework in momentum space, one can observe non-Hermitian topological phenomena such as point-gap topology and the non-Hermitian skin effect, both induced by spectra with nonzero winding numbers. Additionally, QBS can be employed to realize non-Hermitian Aharonov-Bohm cages and to extend non-Bloch band theory. Previous studies in non-Hermitian physics have largely concentrated on classical systems. The influence of non-Hermitian properties on quantum effects remains a key issue awaiting exploration and has evolved into a research direction at the interface of non-Hermitian and quantum physics.