We demonstrate a tool for filtering technical and electronic noises from pulses of light, especially relevant for signal processing methods in quantum optics experiments as a means to achieve the shot-noise level and reduce strong technical noise by means of a pattern function. We provide the theory of this pattern-function filtering based on balance detection. Moreover, we implement an experimental demonstration where 10 dB of technical noise is filtered after balance detection. Such filter can readily be used for probing magnetic atomic ensembles in environments with strong technical noise.
We demonstrate a tool for filtering technical and electronic noises from pulses of light, especially relevant for signal processing methods in quantum optics experiments as a means to achieve the shot-noise level and reduce strong technical noise by means of a pattern function. We provide the theory of this pattern-function filtering based on balance detection. Moreover, we implement an experimental demonstration where 10 dB of technical noise is filtered after balance detection. Such filter can readily be used for probing magnetic atomic ensembles in environments with strong technical noise.
To measure quantum features in a classical world constrains us to extend the classical technology to the limit, inventing and discovering new schemes to use the classical devices, while reducing and filtering the sources of noise. Balanced detectors, e.g. when measuring a low- noise laser, have become an exceptional tool to attain the shot-noise level, i.e., the standard quantum limit for measuring light. To detect light pulses at this level requires to decreasing and also to filtering all other sources of noise, namely electronic and technical noise.
The aim of this work is to provide a new tool for filtering technical and electronic noises present in the pulses of light. It is especially relevant for signal processing methods in quantum optics experiments, as a means to achieve shot-noise level and reduce strong technical noise by means of a pattern function. We thus present the theoretical model for the pattern-function filtering, starting with a theoretical model of a balanced detector. Next, we indicate how to recover the signal from the output of the balanced detector and a noise model is proposed for the sources of noise and the conditions that should satisfy the filtering algorithm. Finally, the problem is solved and the pattern function is obtained, the one which solves the problem of filtering technical and electronic noises.
Once the pattern function is obtained, we design an experimental setup to test and demonstrate this model-based technique. To accomplish this, we produce pulses of light using acousto-optics modulators, such light pulses are precisely characterized together with the detection system. The data are then analyzed using an oscilloscope which gathers all data in the time domain. The frequency-domain representation is calculated using mathematical functions. In this way, it is proved that our detector is shot-noise limited for continuous-wave light. Next, it is shown how the technical noise is produced in a controlled manner, and how to gather the necessary information for calculating the pattern function. Finally, the shot-noise-limited detection with pulses without technical noise introduced is shown first, and next, an experimental demonstration where 10 dB of technical noise is then filtered using the pattern function.
The final part of this research is focused on the optimal signal recovery for pulsed polarimetry. We recall the Stokes parameters and how to estimate the polarization state from a signal. Next, we introduce a widely used signal processing technique, the Wiener filter. For the final step, we show how to retrieve, under the best conditions, the polarization-rotation angle with a signal that has 10 dB of technical noise. Obtaining that our technique outperforms the Wiener estimator and at the same time obtaining the standard quantum limit for phase/angle estimation. Because of the correlation between pulsed polarimetry and magnetic estimation using magnetic-atomic ensembles via Faraday effect, this pattern-function filtering technique can be readily used for probing magnetic-atomic ensembles in environments with strong technical noise.
To measure quantum features in a classical world constrains us to extend the classical technology to the limit, inventing and discovering new schemes to use the classical devices, while reducing and filtering the sources of noise. Balanced detectors, e.g. when measuring a low- noise laser, have become an exceptional tool to attain the shot-noise level, i.e., the standard quantum limit for measuring light. To detect light pulses at this level requires to decreasing and also to filtering all other sources of noise, namely electronic and technical noise. The aim of this work is to provide a new tool for filtering technical and electronic noises present in the pulses of light. It is especially relevant for signal processing methods in quantum optics experiments, as a means to achieve shot-noise level and reduce strong technical noise by means of a pattern function. We thus present the theoretical model for the pattern-function filtering, starting with a theoretical model of a balanced detector. Next, we indicate how to recover the signal from the output of the balanced detector and a noise model is proposed for the sources of noise and the conditions that should satisfy the filtering algorithm. Finally, the problem is solved and the pattern function is obtained, the one which solves the problem of filtering technical and electronic noises. Once the pattern function is obtained, we design an experimental setup to test and demonstrate this model-based technique. To accomplish this, we produce pulses of light using acousto-optics modulators, such light pulses are precisely characterized together with the detection system. The data are then analyzed using an oscilloscope which gathers all data in the time domain. The frequency-domain representation is calculated using mathematical functions. In this way, it is proved that our detector is shot-noise limited for continuous-wave light. Next, it is shown how the technical noise is produced in a controlled manner, and how to gather the necessary information for calculating the pattern function. Finally, the shot-noise-limited detection with pulses without technical noise introduced is shown first, and next, an experimental demonstration where 10 dB of technical noise is then filtered using the pattern function. The final part of this research is focused on the optimal signal recovery for pulsed polarimetry. We recall the Stokes parameters and how to estimate the polarization state from a signal. Next, we introduce a widely used signal processing technique, the Wiener filter. For the final step, we show how to retrieve, under the best conditions, the polarization-rotation angle with a signal that has 10 dB of technical noise. Obtaining that our technique outperforms the Wiener estimator and at the same time obtaining the standard quantum limit for phase/angle estimation. Because of the correlation between pulsed polarimetry and magnetic estimation using magnetic-atomic ensembles via Faraday effect, this pattern-function filtering technique can be readily used for probing magnetic-atomic ensembles in environments with strong technical noise. Medir las características cuánticas en un mundo clásico no solo requiere llevar al límite la tecnología clásica, sino también, inventar y descubrir nuevos esquemas para utilizar los dispositivos clásicos, reduciendo y filtrando las fuentes de ruido. Los detectores balanceados, cuando miden un láser de bajo ruido, se han convertido en una herramienta excepcional para alcanzar el nivel del ruido de disparo, que es el límite estándar clásico para medir la luz. Detectar pulsos de luz al nivel de ruido de disparo requiere reducir y filtrar todas las otras fuentes de ruido, es decir, el ruido electrónico y el técnico. El objetivo de este trabajo es crear una nueva herramienta para filtrar ruido tanto técnico como electrónico de pulsos de luz, que es especialmente relevante para los métodos de procesamiento de señales en los experimentos de óptica cuántica, como una manera de alcanzar el nivel de ruido de disparo y reducir fuertemente el ruido técnico por medio una función patrón. Presentamos, por lo tanto, el modelo teórico para el filtrado por una función patrón. Primeramente damos el modelo teórico de un detector balanceado, luego exponemos cómo se recupera la señal de la salida del detector balanceado. A continuación proponemos un modelo para las fuentes de ruido y las condiciones que debe satisfacer el algoritmo de filtrado. Finalmente, se resuelve el problema y se obtiene la función patrón que nos permite filtrar los ruidos técnico y electrónico. Una vez que la función patrón se puede calcular, diseñamos un montaje experimental para probar y demostrar esta técnica basada en un modelo. Para tal propósito, producimos pulsos de luz usando moduladores acusto-ópticos que producen pulsos de luz que están precisamente caracterizados, junto con el sistema de detección. Los datos se analizan a continuación con un osciloscopio, reuniendo todos los datos en el dominio del tiempo. La representación del dominio de la frecuencia se calcula utilizando funciones matemáticas. De esta manera, se prueba que nuestro detector está limitado por el ruido de disparo para luz continua. Después, se muestra cómo se produce el ruido técnico de manera controlada, y cómo se reúne la información necesaria para calcular la función patrón. Finalmente, se muestra la detección limitada por el ruido de disparo para pulsos sin ruido técnico introducido primero, y luego, se hace una demostración experimental con 10 dB de ruido técnico, que se filtra a continuación usando la función patrón. La parte final de esta investigación está enfocada a la recuperación óptima de la señal para polarimetría pulsada. Recordamos los parámetros de Stokes y cómo estimar el estado de polarización de una señal. Luego, introducimos el filtro de Wiener, que es una técnica ampliamente usada en el procesamiento de señales. Para el paso final, mostramos cómo se recupera, bajo las mejores condiciones, el ángulo de rotación de polarización con una señal que tiene 10 dB de ruido técnico. Obteniendo el límite estándar cuántico para la estimación fase/ángulo y superando así el estimador de Wiener. Debido a la correlación entre polarimetría pulsada y la estimación magnética usando conjuntos atómicos magnéticos vía el efecto de Faraday, esta técnica de filtraje de función patrón puede ser fácilmente usada para sondear conjuntos atómico-magnéticos en ambientes con fuerte ruido técnico.
The advent of stable, highly squeezed states of light has generated great interest in the gravitational wave community as a means for improving the quantumnoise- limited performance of advanced interferometric detectors. To confidently measure these squeezed states, it is first necessary to measure the shot-noise across the frequency band of interest. Technical noise, such as non-stationary events, beam pointing, and parasitic interference, can corrupt shot-noise measurements at low Fourier frequencies, below tens of kilo-Hertz. In this paper we present a qualitative investigation into all of the relevant noise sources and the methods by which they can be identified and mitigated in order to achieve quantum noise limited balanced homodyne detection. Using these techniques, flat shot-noise down to Fourier frequencies below 0.5 Hz is produced. This enables the direct observation of large magnitudes of squeezing across the entire audio-band, of particular interest for ground-based interferometric gravitational wave detectors. 11.6 dB of shot-noise suppression is directly observed, with more than 10 dB down to 10 Hz.
The advent of stable, highly squeezed states of light has generated great interest in the gravitational wave community as a means for improving the quantumnoise- limited performance of advanced interferometric detectors. To confidently measure these squeezed states, it is first necessary to measure the shot-noise across the frequency band of interest. Technical noise, such as non-stationary events, beam pointing, and parasitic interference, can corrupt shot-noise measurements at low Fourier frequencies, below tens of kilo-Hertz. In this paper we present a qualitative investigation into all of the relevant noise sources and the methods by which they can be identified and mitigated in order to achieve quantum noise limited balanced homodyne detection. Using these techniques, flat shot-noise down to Fourier frequencies below 0.5 Hz is produced. This enables the direct observation of large magnitudes of squeezing across the entire audio-band, of particular interest for ground-based interferometric gravitational wave detectors. 11.6 dB of shot-noise suppression is directly observed, with more than 10 dB down to 10 Hz.
Here we report on the design, construction and characterization of a time domain Balanced Homodyne Detection apparatus operating in the regime of high electronic noise. The experimental setup has been commissioned by studying coherent ultrashort ( ∼ 80 fs) light pulses using Pattern-function Quantum Tomography. Furthermore, we proved that the electronic noise can be treated as a detector inefficiency showing the effectiveness of this approach by measuring light coherent states with different energies. In Quantum Mechanics the measurement of the state of a physical system implies to estimate the expectation value of any observable of the system. For a generic operator the expectation value is obtained starting from the measurement of an ensemble of observables defined “quorum ” 1. In particular, for the electromagnetic field the quorum is a continuum set of the field quadra-tures2,3. Balanced Homodyne Detection (BHD) is an experimen-tal method for measuring a discrete set of the field
A pulsed, balanced homodyne detector has been developed for precise measurement of the electric field quadratures of pulsed optical quantum states. A high level of common mode suppression (>85 dB) and low electronic noise (730 electrons per pulse) provide a signal-to-noise ratio of 14 dB for measurement of the quantum noise of individual pulses. Measurements at repetition rates as high as 1 MHz are possible. As a test, quantum tomography of the coherent state was performed, and the Wigner function and the density matrix were reconstructed with 99.5% fidelity. The detection system can be used for ultrarsensitive balanced detection in cw mode, e.g., for weak absorption measurements.