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arXiv:1402.7071 · Physical Review Letters

Observation of Dipole-Induced Spin Texture in an Rb87 Bose-Einstein Condensate

Yujiro Eto, Hiroki Saito, Takuya Hirano

Published May 9, 2014• 54 citations
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Abstract

We report the formation of spin texture resulting from the magnetic dipole-dipole interaction in a spin-2 87Rb Bose-Einstein condensate. The spinor condensate is prepared in the transversely polarized spin state and the time evolution is observed under a magnetic field of 90 mG with a gradient of 3 mG/cm using Stern-Gerlach imaging. The experimental results are compared with numerical simulations of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, which reveals that the observed spatial modulation of the longitudinal magnetization is due to the spin precession in an effective magnetic field produced by the dipole-dipole interaction. These results show that the dipole-dipole interaction has considerable effects even on spinor condensates of alkali metal atoms.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.112.185301

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We report the formation of spin texture resulting from the magnetic dipole-dipole interaction in a spin-2 87Rb Bose-Einstein condensate. The spinor condensate is prepared in the transversely polarized spin state and the time evolution is observed under a magnetic field of 90 mG with a gradient of 3 mG/cm using Stern-Gerlach imaging. The experimental results are compared with numerical simulations of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, which reveals that the observed spatial modulation of the longitudinal magnetization is due to the spin precession in an effective magnetic field produced by the dipole-dipole interaction. These results show that the dipole-dipole interaction has considerable effects even on spinor condensates of alkali metal atoms.
Weak dipolar effects in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) have recently been predicted to develop spin textures. However, observation of the spin textures requires us to decrease the magnetic field down to approximately 10 microG for spin-1 alkali BECs, so that they are not washed out by the Zeeman effect. We present a scheme to observe the magnetic dipole-dipole interaction in alkali BECs under a realistic magnetic field of approximately 100 mG. Our scheme enables us to extract genuine dipolar effects and should apply also to (52)Cr BECs.
The spinor dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates of 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms with hyperfine spins of 1 and 2 are investigated. A mixture of spinor condensates is generated in the transversely polarized spin-1 and the longitudinally polarized spin-2 states using simultaneous Ramsey interferometry. In the subsequent dynamics, temporal modulation of spin-1 magnetization is observed in the spinor mixture due to the spin-dependent interaction with the spin-2 component. By comparison with numerical simulations based on the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, we find that the observed nonferromagnetic dynamics reflect the ground-state properties of the spinor mixture.
Helical spin textures in a 87Rb F=1 spinor Bose-Einstein condensate are found to decay spontaneously toward a spatially modulated structure of spin domains. The formation of this modulated phase is ascribed to magnetic dipolar interactions that energetically favor the short-wavelength domains over the long-wavelength spin helix. The reduction of dipolar interactions by a sequence of rf pulses results in a suppression of the modulated phase, thereby confirming the role of dipolar interactions in this process. This study demonstrates the significance of magnetic dipole interactions in degenerate 87Rb F=1 spinor gases.
We present experimental evidence for the spontaneous formation of a macroscopic spin polarization in overlapping regions of two independent Bose-Einstein condensates produced in different hyperfine states of 87Rb. The condensates are independent in the sense that we do not explicitly introduce a relative phase between them. A single "spin-tip" pulse maps the transverse spin polarization into longitudinal spin polarization, and the atomic density distributions are measured with a Stern-Gerlach imaging method. The resulting matter-wave interference patterns are anticorrelated.
Spin-changing collisions may lead under proper conditions to the parametric amplification of matter waves in spinor Bose-Einstein condensates. Magnetic dipole-dipole interactions, although typically very weak in alkali-metal atoms, are shown to play a very relevant role in the amplification process. We show that these interactions may lead to a strong dependence of the amplification dynamics on the angle between the trap axis and the magnetic-field orientation. We analyze as well the important role played by magnetic-field gradients, which also modify strongly the amplification process. Magnetic-field gradients, hence, must be carefully controlled in future experiments, in order to observe clearly the effects of the dipolar interactions in the amplification dynamics.
Bose-Einstein condensates which are dominated by magnetic dipole-dipole interaction are discussed under spinful situations. We treat the spin degrees of freedom as a classical spin vector, approaching from the large spin limit to obtain an effective minimal Hamiltonian. This is a version extended from a nonlinear sigma model. By solving the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, we find several novel spin textures where the mass density and spin density are strongly coupled, depending upon trap geometries due to the long-range and anisotropic natures of the dipole-dipole interaction.