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arXiv:1401.7290 · IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT)

Non-binary LDPC codes with large alphabet size

Koji Tazoe, Kenta Kasai, Kohichi Sakaniwa

Published Jun 1, 2014• 0 citations
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Abstract

We study LDPC codes for the channel with input x ∈ Fqmand output y = x + z ∈ Fqm. The aim of this paper is to evaluate decoding performance of qm-ary non-binary LDPC codes for large m. We give density evolution and decoding performance evaluation for regular non-binary LDPC codes and spatially-coupled (SC) codes. We show the regular codes do not achieve the capacity of the channel while SC codes do.

DOI
10.1109/isit.2014.6875273

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We study LDPC codes for the channel with input x ∈ Fqmand output y = x + z ∈ Fqm. The aim of this paper is to evaluate decoding performance of qm-ary non-binary LDPC codes for large m. We give density evolution and decoding performance evaluation for regular non-binary LDPC codes and spatially-coupled (SC) codes. We show the regular codes do not achieve the capacity of the channel while SC codes do.
We analyze the asymptotic performance of non-binary spatially-coupled low-density parity-check (SC-LDPC) codes built on the general linear group, when the transmission takes place over the binary erasure channel. We propose an efficient method to derive an upper bound to the maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) threshold for nonbinary LDPC codes, and observe that the MAP performance of regular LDPC codes improves with the alphabet size. We then consider nonbinary SC-LDPC codes. We show that the same threshold saturation effect experienced by binary SC-LDPC codes occurs for the nonbinary codes, hence we conjecture that the BP threshold for large termination length approaches the MAP threshold of the underlying regular ensemble.
We study LDPC codes for the channel with 2m-ary input x ϵ F2mand output y = x + z ϵ F2m. The receiver knows a subspace V ⊂ F2mfrom which z = y - x is uniformly chosen. Or equivalently, the receiver receives an affine subspace y-V where x lies. We consider a joint iterative decoder involving the channel detector and the LDPC decoder. The decoding system considered in this paper can be viewed as a simplified model of the joint iterative decoder over non-binary modulated signal inputs e.g., 2m-QAM. We evaluate the performance of binary spatially-coupled MacKay-Neal codes by density evolution. The iterative decoding threshold is seriously degraded by increasing m. EXIT-like function curve calculations reveal that this degradation is caused by wiggles and can be mitigated by increasing the randomized window size. The resultant iterative decoding threshold values are very close to the Shannon limit.
This paper is the first part of an investigation if the capacity of a binary-input memoryless symmetric channel under ML decoding can be achieved asymptotically by using non-binary LDPC codes. We consider (l, r)-regular LDPC codes both over finite fields and over the general linear group and compute their asymptotic binary weight distributions in the limit of large blocklength and of large alphabet size. A surprising fact, the average binary weight distributions that we obtain do not tend to the binomial one for values of normalized binary weights ¿ smaller than 1-2-l/r. However, it does not mean that non-binary codes do not achieve the capacity asymptotically, but rather that there exists some exponentially small fraction of codes in the ensemble, which contains an exponentially large number of codewords of poor weight. The justification of this fact is beyond the scope of this paper and will be given in.
This paper extends the work on density evolution for binary low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes with Gaussian approximation to LDPC codes over GF(q) . We first generalize the definition of channel symmetry for nonbinary inputs to include q-ary phase-shift keying (PSK) modulated channels for prime q and binary-modulated channels for q that is a power of 2. For the well-defined q-ary-input symmetric-output channel, we prove that under the Gaussian assumption, the density distribution for messages undergoing decoding is fully characterized by (q-1) quantities. Assuming uniform edge weights, we further show that the density of messages computed by the check node decoder (CND) is fully defined by a single number. We then present the approximate density evolution for regular and irregular LDPC codes, and show that the (q-1) -dimensional integration involved can be simplified using a dimensionality reduction algorithm for the important case of q=2p. Through application of approximate density evolution and linear programming, we optimize the degree distribution of LDPC codes over GF(3) and GF(4). The optimized irregular LDPC codes demonstrate performance close to the Shannon capacity for long codewords. We also design GF(q) codes for high-order modulation by using the idea of a channel adapter. We find that codes designed in this fashion outperform those optimized specifically for the binary additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel for a short codewords and a spectral efficiency of 2 bits per channel use (b/cu).
In this paper, we compare the finite-length performance of protograph-based spatially coupled low-density parity-check (SC-LDPC) codes and LDPC block codes (LDPC-BCs) over GF(q). In order to reduce computational complexity and latency, a sliding window decoder with a stopping rule based on a soft bit-error-rate (BER) estimate is used for the q-ary SC-LDPC codes. Two regimes are considered: one when the constraint length of q-ary SC-LDPC codes is equal to the block length of q-ary LDPC-BCs and the other when the two decoding latencies are equal. Simulation results confirm that, in both regimes, (3,6)-, (3,9)-, and (3,12)-regular non-binary SC-LDPC codes can significantly outperform both binary and non-binary LDPC-BCs and binary SC-LDPC codes. Finally, we present a computational complexity comparison of q-ary SC-LDPC codes and q-ary LDPC-BCs under equal decoding latency and equal decoding performance assumptions.
In this paper we present a thorough analysis of non binary LDPC codes over the binary erasure channel. First, the decoding of non binary LDPC codes is investigated. The proposed algorithm performs ldquoon-the flyrdquo decoding, i.e. it starts decoding as soon as the first symbols are received, which generalizes the erasure decoding of binary LDPC codes. Next, we evaluate the asymptotical performance of ensembles of non binary LDPC codes, by using the density evolution method. Density evolution equations are derived by taking into consideration both the irregularity of the bipartite graph and the probability distribution of the graph edge labels. Finally, infinite-length performance of some ensembles of non binary LDPC codes for different edge label distributions are shown.