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arXiv:1401.6494 · Nuclear Physics B

On the Yang–Baxter equation for the six-vertex model

Vladimir V. Mangazeev

Published Feb 24, 2014• 66 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

In this paper we review the theory of the Yang–Baxter equation related to the 6-vertex model and its higher spin generalizations. We employ a 3D approach to the problem. Starting with the 3D R-matrix, we consider a two-layer projection of the corresponding 3D lattice model. As a result, we obtain a new expression for the higher spin R-matrix associated with the affine quantum algebra Uq(sl(2)ˆ). In the simplest case of the spin s=1/2 this R-matrix naturally reduces to the R-matrix of the 6-vertex model. Taking a special limit in our construction we also obtain new formulas for the Q-operators acting in the representation space of arbitrary (half-)integer spin. Remarkably, this construction can be naturally extended to any complex values of spin s. We also give all functional equations satisfied by the transfer-matrices and Q-operators.

DOI
10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2014.02.019

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In this paper we review the theory of the Yang–Baxter equation related to the 6-vertex model and its higher spin generalizations. We employ a 3D approach to the problem. Starting with the 3D R-matrix, we consider a two-layer projection of the corresponding 3D lattice model. As a result, we obtain a new expression for the higher spin R-matrix associated with the affine quantum algebra Uq(sl(2)ˆ). In the simplest case of the spin s=1/2 this R-matrix naturally reduces to the R-matrix of the 6-vertex model. Taking a special limit in our construction we also obtain new formulas for the Q-operators acting in the representation space of arbitrary (half-)integer spin. Remarkably, this construction can be naturally extended to any complex values of spin s. We also give all functional equations satisfied by the transfer-matrices and Q-operators.
In this paper we continue the study of Q-operators in the six-vertex model and its higher spin generalizations. In [1] we derived a new expression for the higher spin R-matrix associated with the affine quantum algebra Uq(sl(2)ˆ). Taking a special limit in this R-matrix we obtained new formulas for the Q-operators acting in the tensor product of representation spaces with arbitrary complex spin. Here we use a different strategy and construct Q-operators as integral operators with factorized kernels based on the original Baxter's method used in the solution of the eight-vertex model. We compare this approach with the method developed in [1] and find the explicit connection between two constructions. We also discuss a reduction to the case of finite-dimensional representations with (half-)integer spins.
In this paper we consider solutions to the reflection equation related to the higher spin stochastic six vertex model. The corresponding higher spin R-matrix is associated with the affine quantum algebra Uq(sl(2)ˆ). The explicit formulas for boundary K-matrices for spins s=1/2,1 are well known. We derive difference equations for the generating function of matrix elements of the K-matrix for any spin s and solve them in terms of hypergeometric functions. As a result we derive the explicit formula for matrix elements of the K-matrix for arbitrary spin. In the lower- and upper- triangular cases, the K-matrix simplifies and reduces to simple products of q-Pochhammer symbols.
Among the models of interacting classical statistical mechanics the Yang–Baxter (YB) integrable systems play a special role. The central model in the theory of yb integrable systems is the six vertex model. many powerful techniques were developed to study the six vertex model. The model under consideration is the Izergin-Korepin (IK) nineteen vertex model, which can be viewed as a generalization of the six vertex model. Our aim is to understand the physics of the ik model using the extensions of the methods which were applied to the six vertex model. We review the algebraic bethe ansatz for the IK model based on the nineteen-vertex R-matrix and propose a new presentation for the eigenstate of the relevant transfer matrix. We also address the question of the calculation of the scalar products of the IK model. an important object in the theory of scalar products is the domain wall boundary partition function. for this partition function defined for the IK model we derive a recurrence relation and solve it in a special case. We move on to the representation theory of the underlying quantum group (U_q(A^{(2)}_{2})), for which we compute all higher dimensional irreducible representations which are relevant for the IK model (Kirillov-Reshetikhin (KR) modules). The latter is accomplished in the so-called drinfeld presentation of quantum groups. This presentation has technical advantages for computations of the R-matrices by means of the Khoroshkin-Tolstoy (KT) formula. We use this to compute the R-matrix in a tensor product of the fundamental representation and a generic higher dimensional kr module. On the other hand, the Drinfeld presentation makes apparent the connection between the borel subalgebras of the quantum group U_q(A^{(2)}_{2}) and the Q-deformed oscillator algebras (oscq). The latter algebras are closely related to the representation theoretic definition of special transfer matrices: the Q-operators; these operators are central in the theory of functional relations of integrable models. we use the oscq type algebras in the KT formula to compute some L-matrices which are used to build the Q-operators. finally, we consider a special case of the ground state of the IK model when the deformation parameter Q is equal to a root of unity. In this case we compute explicitly the ground state eigenvalues of various transfer matrices including the Q-operator. we use the latter result to compute the components of the ground state of the IK model for small systems.
Abstract This chapter considers the special case of the six-vertex model on a square lattice using a trigonometric parameterization of the vertex weights. It demonstrates how, by exploiting the Yang-Baxter relations, the six-vertex model is diagonalized and the Bethe ansatz equations are derived. The Hamiltonian of the Heisenberg quantum spin chain is obtained from the transfer matrix for a special value of the spectral parameter together with an infinite set of further conserved quantum operators. By the diagonalization of the transfer matrix the exact solution of the one-dimensional quantum spin chain Hamiltonian has automatically also been obtained, which is given by the same Bethe ansatz equations.
We show that the celebrated six-vertex model of statistical mechanics (along with its multistate generalizations) can be reformulated as an Ising-type model with only a two-spin interaction. Such a reformulation unravels remarkable factorization properties for row to row transfer matrices, allowing one to uniformly derive all functional relations for their eigenvalues and present the coordinate Bethe ansatz for the eigenvectors for all higher spin generalizations of the six-vertex model. The possibility of the Ising-type formulation of these models raises questions about the precedence of the traditional quantum group description of the vertex models. Indeed, the role of a primary integrability condition is now played by the star-triangle relation, which is not entirely natural in the standard quantum group setting, but implies the vertex-type Yang-Baxter equation and commutativity of transfer matrices as simple corollaries. As a mathematical identity the emerging star-triangle relation is equivalent to the Pfaff-Saalschütz-Jackson summation formula, originally discovered by J. F. Pfaff in 1797. Plausibly, all vertex models associated with quantized affine Lie algebras and superalgebras can be reformulated as Ising-type models with only two-spin interactions.
We develop an approach for constructing the Baxter -operators for generic sl ( N ) spin chains. The key element of our approach is the possibility of representing a solution of the Yang–Baxter equation in the factorized form. We prove that such a representation holds for a generic sl ( N ) invariant -operator and find the explicit expression for the factorizing operators. Taking trace of monodromy matrices constructed of the factorizing operators one defines a family of commuting (Baxter) operators on the quantum space of the model. We show that a generic transfer matrix factorizes into the product of N Baxter -operators and discuss an application of this representation for a derivation of functional relations for transfer matrices.