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arXiv:1310.4918 · Journal of the Physical Society of Japan

A Three-Dimensional Optical Lattice of Ytterbium and Lithium Atomic Gas Mixture

Hideaki Hara, Hideki Konishi, Shuta Nakajima, Yosuke Takasu, Yoshiro Takahashi

Published Dec 12, 2013• 27 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We develop an optical lattice system for an ultracold atomic gas mixture of ytterbium (174Yb) and lithium (6Li), which is an ideal system to study disorder and impurity problems. We load a Bose-Einstein condensate of 174Yb into a three-dimensional optical lattice and observe the interference patterns in time-of-flight (TOF) images. Furthermore, we perform a laser spectroscopy of 174Yb in an optical lattice using the ultra-narrow optical transition 1S0-3P2 in both cases with and without 6Li. Due to the weak interspecies interaction, we do not observe the clear influences of 6Li in the obtained interference patterns and the excitation spectra. However, this is an important first step of optical control of atomic impurity in ultracold fermions. We also measure the polarizabilities of the 3P2 state of 174Yb atoms in an optical trap with a wavelength of 1070 nm. We reveal that the polarizability can be tuned to positive, zero, or the same as the ground state, which are useful for certain applications.

DOI
10.7566/jpsj.83.014003

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•Sep 10, 2014•1 citation
We develop an optical lattice system for an ultracold atomic gas mixture of ytterbium (174Yb) and lithium (6Li), which is an ideal system to study disorder and impurity problems. We load a Bose-Einstein condensate of 174Yb into a three-dimensional optical lattice and observe the interference patterns in time-of-flight (TOF) images. Furthermore, we perform a laser spectroscopy of 174Yb in an optical lattice using the ultra-narrow optical transition 1S0-3P2 in both cases with and without 6Li. Due to the weak interspecies interaction, we do not observe the clear influences of 6Li in the obtained interference patterns and the excitation spectra. However, this is an important first step of optical control of atomic impurity in ultracold fermions. We also measure the polarizabilities of the 3P2 state of 174Yb atoms in an optical trap with a wavelength of 1070 nm. We reveal that the polarizability can be tuned to positive, zero, or the same as the ground state, which are useful for certain applications.
The transition from a superfluid to a Mott-insulator (MI) phase has been observed in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of ytterbium (Yb) atoms in an optical lattice. An all-optically produced BEC of 174Yb^{174}\text{Y}\text{b}174Yb atoms was loaded into three-dimensional optical lattices produced by a 532 nm laser beam. The interference pattern was measured after releasing the quantum gas from the trapping potential. As increasing the optical lattice depth, we observed the disappearance of the interference patterns, which is a signature of entering the MI regime. This result is an important step into studies by using a combination of the MI state and the ultranarrow optical transition of ultracold alkaline-earth-metal-like atoms.
Exquisite experimental control of quantum systems has led to sharp growth of basic quantum research in recent years. Controlling dissipation has been crucial in producing ultracold, trapped atomic samples. Recent theoretical work has suggested dissipation can be a useful tool for quantum state preparation. Controlling not only how a system interacts with a reservoir, but the ability to engineer the reservoir itself would be a powerful platform for open quantum system research. Toward this end, we have constructed an apparatus to study ultracold mixtures of rubidium (Rb) and ytterbium (Yb). We have developed a Rb-blind optical lattice at 423.018(7) nm, which will enable us to immerse a lattice of Yb atoms (the system) into a Rb BEC (superfluid reservoir). We have produced Bose-Einstein condensates of 170-Yb and 174-Yb, two of the five bosonic isotopes of Yb, which also has two fermionic isotopes. Flexible optical trapping of Rb and Yb was achieved with a two-color dipole trap of 532 and 1064 nm, and we observed thermalization in ultracold mixtures of Rb and Yb. Using the Rb-blind optical lattice, we measured very small light shifts of 87-Rb BECs near the light shift zero-wavelengths adjacent the 6p electronic states, through a coherent series of lattice pulses. The positions of the zero-wavelengths are sensitive to the electric dipole matrix elements between the 5s and 6p states, and we made the first experimental measurement of their strength. By measuring a light shift, we were not sensitive to excited state branching ratios, and we achieved a precision better than 0.3%.
In this work I present the development of a new experiment to produce quantum degenerate gases of ytterbium. This project aims at realizing artificial gauge fields with ultracold atoms in optical lattices. Combining intense gauge fields with strong on-site interactions is expected to open a new area for ultracold quantum gases, where for instance the atomic analogs of fractional quantum Hall systems could be realized.First I describe the experimental methods for the production of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of 174Yb. This implies magneto-optical trapping on the 1S0-3P1 intercombination transition and a transport of the atomic cloud in an optical dipole trap over a distance of 22 cm. Evaporative cooling in a crossed dipole trap results in the production of pure BECs of about 6x10^4 atoms.The planned implementation of artificial gauge fields requires the coherent driving of the 1S0-3P0 clock transition of ytterbium. For this purpose an ultrastable laser system at 578 nm, frequency locked to an ultralow expansion (ULE) cavity, has been realized. A precise determination of the temperature zero-crossing point of the ULE cavity allowed us to limit laser frequency drifts below 100 mHz/s. Spectroscopic measurements of the clock transition on a trapped and free falling BEC are presented, where typical linewidths in the kHz range are observed, limited by interatomic interactions. Finally I present a detailed discussion of the methods to achieve artificial gauge fields in optical lattices and their possible experimental implementation. This includes a scheme to realize a bichromatic state-dependent optical superlattice in a doubly-resonant cavity.
An important new development in the field of ultracold atomic gases is the study of the properties of these gases in a so-called optical lattice. An optical lattice is a periodic trapping potential for the atoms that is formed by the interference pattern of a few laser beams. A reason for the interest in these systems is that the effects of the interatomic interactions can be strongly enhanced. More specifically, it has been shown in a beautiful experiment by Greiner et al. in 2002 that by loading a Bose-Einstein condensate into an optical lattice it is possible for the system to undergo a quantum phase transition to a new quantum phase of matter, the so-called Mott insulator phase. Within this Mott insulator phase each lattice site is occupied by exactly one atom. This makes the Mott insulator phase especially well suited for applications in the field of quantum computation and quantum information processing. We have theoretically investigated the above mentioned quantum phase transition and our formalism allows for a description of the Mott insulator phase at nonzero temperatures. Another important experimental development in the field of ultracold atomic gases is the use of Feshbach resonances to control the interatomic interactions. Such a resonance occurs whenever two colliding atoms form a long-lived molecule for some time. The crucial point of a Feshbach resonance is that the above mentioned molecule has a magnetic moment that is not equal to twice the magnetic moment of the atom. As a consequence the energy difference between the two atoms and the molecule and hence the interactions between the atoms can be controlled by using an external magnetic field. By combining these two techniques, i.e, by trapping ultracold atomic gases in an optical lattice and by tuning a magnetic field near a Feshbach resonance there can be a new quantum phase transition between two superfluid phases. We gave derived the the theory for the description of these Feshbach resonances in optical lattices and applied it to various systems. To be a bit more precise, if we tune the external magnetic field such that the energy difference between a molecule and two atoms is sufficiently negative, then the gas consists of a Bose-Einstein condensate of molecules. In contrast, if the energy difference is large enough and positive we have a gas that consists primarily of a Bose-Einstein condensate of atoms. It turns out that these two limits are separated by an Ising-like quantum phase transition. By using atomic Bose gases near a Feshbach resonance detailed experimental studies which test the theoretical predictions of the statistical and dynamical properties of these quantum phase transitions can be made.
Recent development of cooling and manipulating Ytterbium atoms opens a new avenue to investigate unprecedented atomic systems with SU(N) spin symmetry and orbital degrees of freedom. The available metastable states and narrow-line optical transitions of Ytterbium atoms allow for the versatile control of the system. Here, we first describe our apparatus for producing ultracold Ytterbium-173 quantum gases in an optical lattice. A gas of 3 × 104 Ytterbium173 atoms is routinely produced at T /TF ∼ 0.3, and loaded into an optical lattice potential. Then we report our recent progress on the spin orbital (SO) coupling interaction realized in optical lattice. As a novel quantum simulator, cold Ytterbium atoms with SO coupling provide a platform to explore the intriguing topological physics.
Ultracold quantum degenerate gases of alkaline-earth-like atoms open up new perspectives for the investigation of strongly-correlated many-body physics. Long-lived metastable states in combination with a decoupled nuclear spin enable the realization of intriguing Hamiltonians beyond the possibilities of current alkali-based experiments, ranging from the Kondo lattice model to SU(N)-symmetric magnetic systems. Among the alkaline-earth-like elements, Yb is particularly versatile due to its large number of bosonic and fermionic isotopes with a wide range of interaction strengths. This thesis describes a newly-built setup for the study of quantum manybody physics with ultracold Yb, demonstrating the preparation of Bose-Einstein condensates and multi-component degenerate Fermi gases in an optical lattice with coherent control over the electronic state. Within this work we have implemented for the first time a two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (2D-MOT) for the initial laser cooling of Yb. The slow atoms from the 2D-MOT can directly be loaded into a 3D-MOT operating on a narrow intercombination transition, and loading rates comparable with Zeeman slower setups are achieved. The flexibility and the compact setup of the 2D-MOT makes our setup well suited for the production of multi-element quantum gas mixtures in the future. Via evaporative cooling in a crossed optical dipole trap Bose-Einstein condensates of 174Yb with up to 2x10^5 atoms are produced. Loading the condensate into a triangular optical lattice, we observe the superfluid to Mott-insulator transition with Yb. Using the fermionic isotope 173Yb, quantum degenerate, multi-component Fermi gases with one to six spin components are obtained with up to 8x10^4 atoms at 15% of the Fermi temperature. In order to coherently prepare Yb quantum gases in the metastable 3P0 state, an ultrastable laser addressing the 1S0-3P0 clock transition at 578nm has been developed as a major part of this thesis. Exhibiting a short-term stability at the 1Hz-level, this laser will serve as an important tool for the manipulation and probing of strongly-correlated many-body systems of ultracold Yb. Control over the electronic state is demonstrated by Rabi spectroscopy on the 1S0-3P0 transition of quantum degenerate 173Yb in a three-dimensional optical lattice. In a spin-polarized sample more than 90% of the atoms can be prepared in the metastable 3P0 state. Driving a vibrational sideband transition, the atoms can also be coherently excited to higher bands in the optical lattice. Moreover, first experiments towards the electronic state control of interacting spin mixtures are performed, exhibiting signatures of interaction-induced lineshifts. The preparation and manipulation techniques presented in this thesis constitute an important step towards the exploration of novel quantum many-body physics with ultracold Yb. Ultrakalte Quantengase aus Erdalkali-ahnlichen Atomen eroffnen neue Moglichkeiten zur Untersuchung stark korrelierter Quantenvielteilchensysteme. Langlebige metastabile Zustande kombiniert mit einem entkoppelten Kernspin ermoglichen es faszinierende Vielteilchensysteme zu realisieren, die uber die Moglichkeiten heutiger Alkali-basierter Experimente hinausgehen: Vom Kondo-Gitter-Modell bis hin zu SU(N)-symmetrischen magnetischen Systemen. Von allen Erdalkali-ahnlichen Elementen besticht vor allem Ytterbium (Yb) durch die Vielzahl von fermionischen und bosonischen Isotopen mit unterschiedlichen Wechselwirkungsstarken. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein neuer experimenteller Aufbau zur Erforschung von Quantenvielteilchensystemen aus ultrakalten Yb-Atomen realisiert. Mit diesem Aufbau wurden sowohl Bose-Einstein Kondensate, als auch mehrkomponentige Fermigase in einem optischen Gitter prapariert. Ferner wurde die koharente Kontrolle des elektronischen Zustands ultrakalter Atome demonstriert. In dem hier vorgestellten Aufbau wurde zum ersten Mal eine zweidimensionale magnetooptische Falle (2D-MOT) zur Erzeugung langsamer Yb-Atome implementiert. Die Atome aus der 2D-MOT konnen direkt in eine 3D-MOT auf einer schmalen Interkombinationslinie geladen werden. Die erzielten Laderaten sind mit denen von Zeeman slowern vergleichbar. Durch die Flexibilitat und den kompakten Aufbau der 2D-MOT ist unsere Apparatur besonders gut fur die Erzeugung mehrelementiger Quantengasmischungen in zukunftigen Experimenten geeignet. Mittels evaporativer Kuhlung in einer gekreuzten Dipolfalle wurden reine 174Yb Bose-Einstein Kondensate mit bis zu 2x10^5 Atomen realisiert. Anhand dieser Kondensate konnte der Mott-Isolator Ubergang in einem optischen Dreiecksgitter demonstriert werden. Des Weiteren wurden unter Verwendung des fermionischen Isotops 173Yb ein- bis sechskomponentige quantenentartete Fermigase mit bis zu 8x10^4 Atomen bei 15% der Fermitemperatur erzeugt. Zur koharenten Praparation von Yb-Quantengasen im metastabilen 3P0-Zustand wurde als wichtiger Teil dieser Arbeit ein hochstabiler Laser fur die Anregung des 1S0-3P0 Uhrenubergangs bei 578nm entwickelt. Mit einer Kurzzeitstabilitat von etwa 1 Hz eroffnet dieser Laser vielfaltige Moglichkeiten der gezielten Manipulation und Detektion von ultrakalten Yb-Vielteilchensystemen. Die Kontrolle des elektronischen Zustands wurde anhand von Rabi-Spektroskopie auf dem 1S0-3P0 Ubergang von quantenentartetem 173Yb in einem dreidimensionalen optischen Gitter gezeigt. In einem Spin-polarisierten Ensemble konnen mehr als 90% der Atome im metastabilen 3P0 prapariert werden. Die koharente Anregung in hohere Bander des optischen Gitters ist durch die Adressierung von Vibrationsseitenbandern moglich. Schlieslich wurden erste Experimente zur Kontrolle des elektronischen Zustands in wechselwirkenden Spin-Mischungen durchgefuhrt. Diese weisen Anzeichen von wechselwirkungsinduzierten Linienverschiebungen auf. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Praparations- und Manipulationstechniken stellen einen guten Ausgangspunkt dar, um die neuartige Physik von Yb-Quantengasen zu untersuchen.