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arXiv:1308.2645 · Physical Review A

Improving photon detector efficiency using a high-fidelity optical controlled-not gate

Katherine L. Brown, R. Singh, Joshua H. Mendez, Hanna E. Broadus, Jonathan P. Dowling

Published Feb 20, 2015• 0 citations
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Abstract

A significant problem for optical quantum computing is inefficient or inaccurate photodetectors. It is possible to use controlled-not (cnot) gates to improve a detector by making a large cat state, then measuring every qubit in that state. In this paper we develop a code that compares five different schemes for making multiple measurements, some of which are capable of detecting loss and some of which are not. We explore how each of these schemes performs in the presence of different errors, and derive a formula to find at what probability of qubit loss it is worth detecting loss, and at what probability does this just lead to further errors than the loss introduces.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.91.022327

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•Nov 18, 2021•2 citations
A significant problem for optical quantum computing is inefficient or inaccurate photodetectors. It is possible to use controlled-not (cnot) gates to improve a detector by making a large cat state, then measuring every qubit in that state. In this paper we develop a code that compares five different schemes for making multiple measurements, some of which are capable of detecting loss and some of which are not. We explore how each of these schemes performs in the presence of different errors, and derive a formula to find at what probability of qubit loss it is worth detecting loss, and at what probability does this just lead to further errors than the loss introduces.
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We design a controlled-phase gate for linear optical quantum computing by using photodetectors that cannot resolve photon number. An intrinsic error-correction circuit corrects errors introduced by the detectors. Our controlled-phase gate has a 1/4 success probability. Recent development in cluster-state quantum computing has shown that a two-qubit gate with non-zero success probability can build an arbitrarily large cluster state only with polynomial overhead. Hence, it is possible to generate optical cluster states without number-resolving detectors and with polynomial overhead.
Bosonic cat qubits stabilized by two-photon driven dissipation benefit from exponential suppression of bit-flip errors and an extensive set of gates preserving this protection. These properties make them promising building blocks of a hardware-efficient and fault-tolerant quantum processor. In this paper, we propose a performance optimization of the repetition cat code architecture using fast but noisy CNOT gates for stabilizer measurements. This optimization leads to high thresholds for the physical figure of merit, given as the ratio between intrinsic single-photon loss rate of the bosonic mode and the engineered two-photon loss rate, as well as an improved scaling below threshold of the required overhead, to reach an expected level of logical error rate. Relying on the specific error models for cat qubit operations, this optimization exploits fast parity measurements, using accelerated low-fidelity CNOT gates, combined with fast ancilla parity-check qubits. The significant enhancement in the performance is explained by: 1- the highly asymmetric error model of cat qubit CNOT gates with a major component on control (ancilla) qubits, and 2- the robustness of the repetition cat code error correction performance in presence of the leakage induced by fast operations. In order to demonstrate these performances, we develop a method to sample the repetition code under circuit-level noise that also takes into account cat qubit state leakage.
We propose a teleportation-based scheme to implement a universal set of quantum gates with a four-component cat code, assisted by appropriate entangled resource states and photon-number-resolving detection. The four-component cat code features the ability to recover from single-photon loss. Here we propose a concrete procedure to correct the single-photon loss, including detecting the single-photon-loss event and recovering the initial states. By concatenating with standard qubit error-correcting codes, we estimate the loss threshold for fault-tolerant quantum computation and obtain a significant improvement over the two-component cat code.
Optical qubits uniquely combine information transfer in optical fibers with a good processing capability and are therefore attractive tools for quantum technologies.A large challenge, however, is to overcome the low efficiency of two-qubit logic gates.The experimentally achieved efficiency in an optical controlled NOT (CNOT) gate reached approximately 11% in 2003 and has seen no increase since.Here, we report on a new platform that was designed to surpass this long-standing record.The new scheme avoids inherently probabilistic protocols and, instead, combines aspects of two established quantum nonlinear systems: atom-cavity systems and Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency.We demonstrate a CNOT gate between two optical photons with an average efficiency of 41.7(5)% at a postselected process fidelity of 81(2)%.Moreover, we extend the scheme to a CNOT gate with multiple target qubits and produce entangled states of presently up to five photons.All these achievements are promising and have the potential to advance optical quantum information processing in which almost all advanced protocols would profit from high-efficiency logic gates.
Optical qubits uniquely combine information transfer in optical fibres with a good processing capability and are therefore attractive tools for quantum technologies. A large challenge, however, is to overcome the low efficiency of two-qubit logic gates. The experimentally achieved efficiency in an optical controlled NOT (CNOT) gate reached approximately 11% in 2003 and has seen no increase since. Here we report on a new platform that was designed to surpass this long-standing record. The new scheme avoids inherently probabilistic protocols and, instead, combines aspects of two established quantum nonlinear systems: atom-cavity systems and Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We demonstrate a CNOT gate between two optical photons with an efficiency of 41.7(4)% at a postselected process fidelity of 79(2)%. Moreover, we extended the scheme to a CNOT gate with multiple target qubits and produce entangled states of presently up to 5 photons. All these achievements are promising and have the potential to advance optical quantum information processing in which almost all advanced protocols would profit from high-efficiency logic gates.