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arXiv:1302.2908 · Journal of Physics Conference Series

Symmetry of Differential Equations and Quantum Theory

Dmitri Yerchuck, Alla Dovlatova, Andrey F. Alexandrov

Published Mar 11, 2014• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The symmetry study of main differential equations of mechanics and electrodynamics has shown, that differential equations, which are invariant under transformations of groups, which are symmetry groups of mathematical numbers (considered in the frame of the number theory) determine the mathematical nature of the quantities, incoming in given equations. It allowed to proof the main postulate of quantum mechanics, that to any mechanical quantity can be set up into the correspondence the Hermitian matrix by quantization. High symmetry of Maxwell equations allows to show, that to EM-field funcions, incoming in given equations, can be set up into the correspondence the Quaternion (twice-Hermitian) matrices by their quantization.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/490/1/012233

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The symmetry study of main differential equations of mechanics and electrodynamics has shown, that differential equations, which are invariant under transformations of groups, which are symmetry groups of mathematical numbers (considered in the frame of the number theory) determine the mathematical nature of the quantities, incoming in given equations. It allowed to proof the main postulate of quantum mechanics, that to any mechanical quantity can be set up into the correspondence the Hermitian matrix by quantization. High symmetry of Maxwell equations allows to show, that to EM-field funcions, incoming in given equations, can be set up into the correspondence the Quaternion (twice-Hermitian) matrices by their quantization.
New insight to the principles of the quantum theory construction is given. It is based on the symmetry study of main differential equations of mechanics and electrodynamics. It has been shown, that differential equations, which are invariant under transformations of groups, which are symmetry groups of mathematical numbers (considered within the frames of the number theory) determine the mathematical nature of the quantities, incoming in given equations. The substantial consequence of the given consideration is the proof of the main postulate of quantum mechanics, that is, the proof of the statement, that to any quantum mechanical quantity can be set up into the correspondence the Hermitian matrix. It is shown, that a non-abelian character of the multiplicative group of the quaternion ring leads to the nonapplicability of the quaternion calculus for the construction of new versions of quantum mechanics directly. The given conclusion seems to be actual, since there is a number of modern publications with the development of the quantum mechanics theory using the quaternions with the standard basis {e, i, j, k}. The correct way for the construction of new versions of quantum mechanics on the quaternion base is discussed in the paper presented. It is realized by means of the representation of the quaternions through the basis of the linear space of complex numbers over the field of real numbers, under the multiplicative group of which the equations of the dynamics of mechanical systems are invariant. At the same time the quaternion calculus is applicable in electrodynamics, at that the new versions of quantum electrodynamics can be constructed by an infinite number of the ways corresponding to an infinite number of the matrix representations of the standard quaternion basis {e, i, j, k}. The given conclusion is the consequence of the high symmetry of Maxwell equations.
Lie symmetry group methods provide a useful tool for the analysis of differential equations in a variety of areas in physics and applied mathematics. The nature of symmetry is that it provides information on properties which remain invariant under transformation. In differential equations this invariance provides a route toward complete integrations, reductions, linearisations and analytical solutions which can evade standard techniques of analysis. In this thesis we study two problems in quantum mechanics from a symmetry perspective: We consider for pedagogical purposes the linear time dependent Schrodinger equation in a potential and provide a symmetry analysis of the resulting equations. Thereafter, as an original contribution, we study the group theoretic properties of the density matrix equation for the quantum Brownian motion of a free particle interacting with a bath of harmonic oscillators. We provide a number of canonical reductions of the system to equations of reduced dimensionality as well as several complete integrations.
General remarks As already mentioned in the Introduction, the exact solution of the main equation of quantum mechanics – the Schrödinger equation – lies beyond the potentialities of modern mathematics and computer technology. But a number of important inferences about the behaviour, structure and properties of a given quantum-mechanical many-particle system can be drawn without solving this equation, just by examining its symmetry properties. Symmetry concepts come about in physics in two ways. First, since any physical process occurs in a real space, we have to make use of one or another coordinate system. The isotropy and homogeneity of space make physically meaningful only those mathematical relationships that remain unchanged under rotations of the axes of the coordinate system, and that impose fairly rigorous constraints on the possible physical laws. Second, every physical object and process features a symmetry which should be taken into account by the physical theory. A common idea underlying particular forms of symmetry is the invariance of a system under a certain set (group) of transformations. The normally considered forms of symmetry are rotational symmetry, which is based on the equivalence of all directions in space, and permutation symmetry, which is caused by identical particles. The operations of the geometrical symmetry group are responsible for appropriate conservation laws. So, the rotational symmetry of a closed system gives rise to the law of conservation of angular momentum. The group of rotations of a three-dimensional space stands apart in atomic spectroscopy. This is mostly due to the high accuracy of the central field approximation, on which the entire modern theory of complex atoms and ions is based.
The structures are physical systems and/or their mathematical descriptions consisting of elements such as particles, fields, observables, operators etc and of relations between these elements: the equations of motion and the rules of quantum mechanics. Examples of symmetries are reflections, permutations of particles, time reversal. The physical system has a symmetry group means, then, that there is a group of transformations leaving the equations of motion and the rules of quantum mechanics invariant. The discrete symmetries lead to conservation laws frequently expressible in terms of quantum numbers, but sometimes requiring a more elaborate description. The observables corresponding to the super-selection quantum numbers can be measured without disturbing any other measurement; their values are always sharp. The chapter shows that the invariant subspace may be labelled by continuous quantum numbers (for instance momentum) when the direct sum becomes a direct integral.
The concept of invariance relates to both the intrinsic symmetries of physical systems and the symmetry of the set of equivalent reference frames used to observe them. Standard algebraic expressions for electrostatic potentials and crystal-field effective operators display both types of invariance. The concept of a reference frame is generalized to that of an ‘observing system’, which can, for example, be the basis states of a quantum system. This idea is related to Racah’s mathematical machinery for evaluating the matrix elements of many-electron 4f open-shell states in lanthanide ions. It is argued, on the basis of computational flexibility and ease of interpretation, that all equations that represent physical processes be expressible in terms of invariants of the set of observing systems. This ‘Principle of Invariance’ is then applied to special relativity, leading to a simple geometrical interpretation of Maxwell’s electromagnetic field equations. The close relationship between Dirac’s relativistic wave equation and Maxwell’s equations is then exposed. This leads to the concept of an inner structure of space-time and the reinterpretation of particle spin. Finally, it is shown that the use of invariants in relativity theory identifies a set of observing systems with a higher symmetry than that of Minkowski space-time.
Transformations of the relativistic variational equations for the free mechanical motion are considered. These transformations have the following symmetry: solution of the transformed equations coincides with the transformed solution of the initial equations. Correcting the principle of general covariance in GR by substituting the coordinate transformation group for the symmetry group mentioned is considered. Making the classical mechanics consistent with this extended principle leads to the necessity of the gravitational and electromagnetic fields and of the quantization phenomenon. Foundations of the quantum mechanics are analyzed in relation to these facts. A model of the quantum field marked by the limited energy is considered.