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arXiv:1212.3127 · Physical Review Letters

Efficient Teleportation Between Remote Single-Atom Quantum Memories

Christian Nölleke, Andreas Neuzner, Andreas Reiserer, Carolin Hahn, Gerhard Rempe, Stephan Ritter

Published Apr 2, 2013• 253 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We demonstrate teleportation of quantum bits between two single atoms in distant laboratories. Using a time-resolved photonic Bell-state measurement, we achieve a teleportation fidelity of (88.0 ± 1.5)%, largely determined by our entanglement fidelity. The low photon collection efficiency in free space is overcome by trapping each atom in an optical cavity. The resulting success probability of 0.1% is almost 5 orders of magnitude larger than in previous experiments with remote material qubits. It is mainly limited by photon propagation and detection losses and can be enhanced with a cavity-based deterministic Bell-state measurement.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.110.140403

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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)•May 1, 2013•0 citations
We demonstrate teleportation of quantum bits between two single atoms in distant laboratories. Using a time-resolved photonic Bell-state measurement, we achieve a teleportation fidelity of (88.0 ± 1.5)%, largely determined by our entanglement fidelity. The low photon collection efficiency in free space is overcome by trapping each atom in an optical cavity. The resulting success probability of 0.1% is almost 5 orders of magnitude larger than in previous experiments with remote material qubits. It is mainly limited by photon propagation and detection losses and can be enhanced with a cavity-based deterministic Bell-state measurement.
Institute of Quantum Optics — Teleportation is a prerequisite for the transfer of quantum information over large distances when the losses inherent in any quantum channel preclude a direct transfer. We demonstrate teleportation between two single-atom quantum memories in distant laboratories. By implementing a timeresolved photonic Bell-state measurement (BSM), which is based on two-photon quantum inference, we achieve a teleportation fidelity of 88 %, largely determined by our entanglement fidelity. The problem of limited photon collection efficiency in free space is overcome by trapping each atom in an optical cavity. Compared to previous experiments with remote single material qubits, our approach boosts the overall efficiency by almost five orders of magnitude. This results in success probabilities not predominantly limited by the photon generation and collection efficiency but by the transmission and detection losses inherent in the photonic BSM.
Quantum teleportation and quantum memory are two crucial elements for large-scale quantum networks. With the help of prior distributed entanglement as a "quantum channel," quantum teleportation provides an intriguing means to faithfully transfer quantum states among distant locations without actual transmission of the physical carriers [Bennett CH, et al. (1993) Phys Rev Lett 70(13):1895-1899]. Quantum memory enables controlled storage and retrieval of fast-flying photonic quantum bits with stationary matter systems, which is essential to achieve the scalability required for large-scale quantum networks. Combining these two capabilities, here we realize quantum teleportation between two remote atomic-ensemble quantum memory nodes, each composed of ∼10(8) rubidium atoms and connected by a 150-m optical fiber. The spin wave state of one atomic ensemble is mapped to a propagating photon and subjected to Bell state measurements with another single photon that is entangled with the spin wave state of the other ensemble. Two-photon detection events herald the success of teleportation with an average fidelity of 88(7)%. Besides its fundamental interest as a teleportation between two remote macroscopic objects, our technique may be useful for quantum information transfer between different nodes in quantum networks and distributed quantum computing.
Recently a conditional quantum teleportation protocol has been proposed by Chen et al. [New J. Phys. 7, 172 (2005)] which is based on the collective spontaneous emission of a photon from a pair of quantum dots. We formulate a similar protocol for collective emission from a pair of atoms, one of which is entangled with a single mode of an optical cavity. We focus on the performance of the protocol as characterized by the fidelity of the teleported state and the overall success probability. We consider a strategy employing temporally resolved photodetection of the emitted photon in order to distinguish super-radiant from subradiant emission on the basis of a single detected photon. We find the fidelity approaches unity as the spacing of the atoms becomes much smaller than the emission wavelength with a success probability of 0.25 assuming perfect collection and detection of the emitted light. Incorporating finite collection and detection efficiency we find the protocol will still exceed a fidelity of 2/3 provided that the combined collection and detection efficiency is at least 3/4. We describe a cavity QED realization which could allow these requirements to be met using current experimental techniques.
Storage and distribution of quantum information are key elements of quantum information processing and future quantum communication networks. Here, using atom-photon entanglement as the main physical resource, we experimentally demonstrate the preparation of a distant atomic quantum memory. Applying a quantum teleportation protocol on a locally prepared state of a photonic qubit, we realized this so-called remote state preparation on a single, optically trapped 87Rb atom. We evaluated the performance of this scheme by the full tomography of the prepared atomic state, reaching an average fidelity of 82%.
Recently a conditional quantum teleportation protocol has been proposed by Chen et al. [New J. Phys.7, 172 (2005)], which is based on the collective spontaneous emission of a photon from a pair of quantum dots. We formulate a similar protocol for collective emission from a pair of atoms, one of which is entangled with a single mode of an optical cavity. We focus on the performance of the protocol as characterized by the fidelity of the teleported state and the overall success probability. We consider a strategy employing spatially resolved photodetection of the emitted photon in order to distinguish superradiant from subradiant emission on the basis of a single detected photon. We find that fidelity approaches unity as the spacing of the atoms becomes much smaller than the emission wavelength with a success probability of 0.25. The fidelity remains above the classical limit of 2/3 for arbitrary atomic separations with the ultimate limit of performance coming from the spatial resolution of the detectors.
Summary form only given. Quantum teleportation allows to transfer the quantum state of a particle to a remote location without sending the particle itself. This makes it a versatile tool for the distribution of quantum states over long distances or the remote preparation of quantum memories as they are necessary in various scenarios of quantum information processing and quantum communication. In this context atomic systems are often discussed as promising candidates for the storage and manipulation of qubit states whereas photonic qubit states are easy to prepare and to distribute. Hybrid systems of entangled atom-photon pairs can serve as an interface between those different carriers of quantum information. We utilize this property to perform teleportation of the polarization state of an attenuated laser pulse onto a single atom over a distance of 20m.Our experimental sequence consists of two steps. First the spin state of the single atom is entangled with the polarization state of a single photon in a spontaneous emission process [1]. The single photon is then sent to a second laboratory 20m away where an attenuated laser pulse with a well defined polarization state |Ψ) is prepared. In a second step a Bell-state measurement on the joint polarization state of the single photon from the atom and the attenuated laser pulse is performed (Fig. 1a). This is done via interference of the photon and the pulse at a fiber beam-splitter and subsequent coincidence detection of photons at the outputs of the beam-splitter (Fig. 1b). This teleports the input state |Ψ) onto the atom - up to a unitary tranformation depending on the outcome of the Bell-state measurement.need to be indistinguishable in all degrees of freedom except for their polarization. In particular, the temporal shape of the pulse was matched to that of the single photon using an arbitrary waveform generator and an AOM in a closed-loop feedback control. We performed this experiment with input states |Ψ) = |H), |+45°) and |R) and evaluated the fidelity to find the atom in the correspondig output state. For |+45°) and |R) the fraction of coherent pulses containing two or more photons can cause the same signal as expected from a successful Bell-state projection which reduces the overall fidelity to 0.81 and 0.84, respectively. However, for |H) the fidelty is practically only limited by the precision of the atomic state readout and reaches a value of 0.93.