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arXiv:1209.3685

Riserratevi sotto coverta ...

Bruno Cocciaro

Published Sep 13, 2012• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The principle of relativity, as originally expressed by Galileo, points out that the area of competence of the principle itself is that of isolated systems as well as inertial reference frames. The principle does not claim that it is always possible to isolate any physical system, indeed it leaves it open to the possibility of the existence of phenomena concerning non isolable physical systems, e.g. phenomena regulated by some non draggable ether. After the Aspect experiment realist and local models have been proposed specifically based on the hypothesis that entangled systems are not isolated. It is hypothesized that the correlations which allow the violation of Bell's inequality are due to exchanges of superluminal signals between the various parts of the system and those signals do not generate causal paradoxes because their propagation is regulated by a non draggable ether. In the present paper the perfect compatibility of such models with the relativity theory is strongly advocated. A criterion is finally proposed to determine the causal ordering between events since, when there are superluminal signals, that ordering can no longer be associated to the time ordering induced by the standard synchronization.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1209.3685

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The principle of relativity, as originally expressed by Galileo, points out that the area of competence of the principle itself is that of isolated systems as well as inertial reference frames. The principle does not claim that it is always possible to isolate any physical system, indeed it leaves it open to the possibility of the existence of phenomena concerning non isolable physical systems, e.g. phenomena regulated by some non draggable ether. After the Aspect experiment realist and local models have been proposed specifically based on the hypothesis that entangled systems are not isolated. It is hypothesized that the correlations which allow the violation of Bell's inequality are due to exchanges of superluminal signals between the various parts of the system and those signals do not generate causal paradoxes because their propagation is regulated by a non draggable ether. In the present paper the perfect compatibility of such models with the relativity theory is strongly advocated. A criterion is finally proposed to determine the causal ordering between events since, when there are superluminal signals, that ordering can no longer be associated to the time ordering induced by the standard synchronization.
The principle of relativity, as originally expressed by Galileo, points out that the area of competence of the principle itself is that of isolated systems as well as inertial reference frames. The principle does not claim that it is always possible to isolate any physical system; indeed it leaves it open to the possibility of the existence of phenomena concerning nonisolable physical systems, e.g., phenomena regulated by some nondraggable ether. After the Aspect experiment realist and local models have been proposed specifically based on the hypothesis that entangled systems are not isolated. It is hypothesized that the correlations which allow the violation of Bell's inequality are due to exchanges of superluminal signals between the various parts of the system, and those signals do not generate causal paradoxes because their propagation is regulated by a nondraggable ether. In the present paper the perfect compatibility of such models with the relativity theory is strongly advocated. A criterion is finally proposed to determine the causal ordering between events since, when there are superluminal signals, that ordering can no longer be associated to the time ordering induced by the standard synchronization.
The principle of relativity claims the invariance of the results for experiments carried out in inertial reference frames if the system under examination is not in interaction with the outside world. In this paper it is analysed a model suggested by J. S. Bell, and later developed by P. H. Eberhard, D. Bohm and B. Hiley on the basis of which the EPR correlations would be due to superluminal exchanges between the various parts of the entangled system under examination. In the model the existence of a privileged reference frame ( PF ) for the propagation of superluminal signals is hypothesized so that these superluminal signals may not give rise to causal paradoxes. According to this model, in an EPR experiment, the entangled system interacts with the outer world since the result of the experiment depends on an entity (the reference frame PF ) that is not prepared by the experimenter. The existence of this privileged reference frame makes the model non invariant for Lorentz transformations. In this paper, in opposition to what claimed by the authors mentioned above, the perfect compatibility of the model with the theory of relativity is strongly maintained since, as already said, the principle of relativity does not require that the results of experiments carried out on systems interacting with the outside world should be invariant.
Demonstrations of quantum entanglement which confirm the violation of Bell's inequality indicate that under certain conditions action at a distance is possible. This consequence seems to contradict the relativistic principle of causality, which asserts that an effect never precedes its cause, in any reference frame. By analyzing a numerical example of Bell's experiment with entangled pairs of photons, we show how observers in two inertial reference frames can disagree about the causality relation between two events. One observer claims that event 1 is the cause of event 2, while the other claims that event 1 is the result of event 2. The solution we suggest to the paradox is that in entangled systems, one can find pairs of "entangled events" which have symmetrical causality relations. Each of the events can serve as a cause or as an effect, depending on the frame of reference in which they are observed.
Non-classical correlations resulting from entangled quantum systems have sparked debates about the compatibility of quantum theory and relativity, and about the right way to think about causation. Key to a causal theory is that superluminal signalling is forbidden, which holds in quantum theory. In Bell scenarios, relativistic causality principles like no superluminal signalling are often assumed to follow from the standard no-signalling constraints on correlations. We explore the connections between a range of relativistic principles, including no superluminal signalling and no causal loops, and constraints on correlations that can arise with arbitrary interventions, within multi-party Bell scenarios. This includes standard no-signalling conditions and proposed relaxations allowing phenomena like jamming, where it was suggested that superluminal signalling and causal loops remain impossible. Using our recent framework combining relativistic principles with causal modelling, we show that any theory (classical or non-classical) allowing jamming must rely on causal fine-tuning and superluminal causal influences. Additionally, we show that jamming theories can lead to superluminal signalling in certain situations, highlighting limitations for their physicality. However, we identify cases where jamming correlations avoid superluminal signalling under general interventions, demonstrating that standard no-signalling constraints are not necessary for this purpose. We also show that these constraints are insufficient to rule out superluminal signalling and are neither necessary nor sufficient for ensuring no causal loops under general interventions. Finally, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for ruling out superluminal signalling and operationally detectable causal loops, solidifying our understanding of relativistic causality principles in information processing tasks in space-time.
Bell's theorem shows that the reasonable relativistic causal principle known as "local causality" is not compatible with the predictions of quantum mechanics. It is not possible maintain a satisfying causal principle of this type while dropping any of the better-known assumptions of Bell's theorem. However, another assumption of Bell's theorem is the use of classical logic. One part of this assumption is the principle of "ontic definiteness", that is, that it must in principle be possible to assign definite truth values to all propositions treated in the theory. Once the logical setting is clarified somewhat, it can be seen that rejecting this principle does not in any way undermine the type of causal principle used by Bell. Without ontic definiteness, the deterministic causal condition known as Einstein Locality succeeds in banning superluminal influence (including signalling) whilst allowing correlations that violate Bell's inequalities. Objections to altering logic, and the consequences for operational and realistic viewpoints, are also addressed.
Abstract Relativistic invariance is a physical law verified in several domains of physics. The impossibility of faster than light influences is not questioned by quantum theory. In quantum electrodynamics, in quantum field theory and in the standard model relativistic invariance is incorporated by construction. Quantum mechanics predicts strong long range correlations between outcomes of spin projection measurements performed in distant laboratories. In spite of these strong correlations marginal probability distributions should not depend on what was measured in the other laboratory what is called shortly: non-signalling. In several experiments, performed to test various Bell-type inequalities, some unexplained dependence of empirical marginal probability distributions on distant settings was observed. In this paper we demonstrate how a particular identification and selection procedure of paired distant outcomes is the most probable cause for this apparent violation of no-signalling principle. Thus this unexpected setting dependence does not prove the existence of superluminal influences and Einsteinian no-signalling principle has to be tested differently in dedicated experiments. We propose a detailed protocol telling how such experiments should be designed in order to be conclusive. We also explain how magical quantum correlations may be explained in a locally causal way.