Can a classical system command a general adversarial quantum system to realize arbitrary quantum dynamics? If so, then we could realize the dream of device-independent quantum cryptography: using untrusted quantum devices to establish a shared random key, with security based on the correctness of quantum mechanics. It would also allow for testing whether a claimed quantum computer is truly quantum. Here we report a technique by which a classical system can certify the joint, entangled state of a bipartite quantum system, as well as command the application of specific operators on each subsystem. This is accomplished by showing a strong converse to Tsirelson's optimality result for the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) game: the only way to win many games is if the bipartite state is close to the tensor product of EPR states, and the measurements are the optimal CHSH measurements on successive qubits. This leads directly to a scheme for device-independent quantum key distribution. Control over the state and operators can also be leveraged to create more elaborate protocols for reliably realizing general quantum circuits.
Can a classical system command a general adversarial quantum system to realize arbitrary quantum dynamics? If so, then we could realize the dream of device-independent quantum cryptography: using untrusted quantum devices to establish a shared random key, with security based on the correctness of quantum mechanics. It would also allow for testing whether a claimed quantum computer is truly quantum. Here we report a technique by which a classical system can certify the joint, entangled state of a bipartite quantum system, as well as command the application of specific operators on each subsystem. This is accomplished by showing a strong converse to Tsirelson's optimality result for the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) game: the only way to win many games is if the bipartite state is close to the tensor product of EPR states, and the measurements are the optimal CHSH measurements on successive qubits. This leads directly to a scheme for device-independent quantum key distribution. Control over the state and operators can also be leveraged to create more elaborate protocols for reliably realizing general quantum circuits.
Can a classical system command a general adversarial quantum system to realize arbitrary quantum dynamics? If so, then we could realize the dream of device-independent quantum cryptography: using untrusted quantum devices to establish a shared random key, with security based on the correctness of quantum mechanics. It would also allow for testing whether a claimed quantum computer is truly quantum. Here we report a technique by which a classical system can certify the joint, entangled state of a bipartite quantum system, as well as command the application of specific operators on each subsystem. This is accomplished by showing a strong converse to Tsirelson's optimality result for the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) game: the only way to win many games is if the bipartite state is close to the tensor product of EPR states, and the measurements are the optimal CHSH measurements on successive qubits. This leads directly to a scheme for device-independent quantum key distribution. Control over the state and operators can also be leveraged to create more elaborate protocols for realizing general quantum circuits, and to establish that QMIP = MIP*.
Can a classical experimentalist command an untrusted quantum system to realize arbitrary quantum dynamics, aborting if it misbehaves? If so, then we could realize the dream of device-independent quantum cryptography: using untrusted quantum devices to establish a shared random key, with security based on the correctness of quantum mechanics. It would also allow for testing whether a claimed quantum computer is truly quantum. We prove a rigidity theorem for the famous Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) game, first formulated to provide a means of experimentally testing the violation of the Bell inequalities. The theorem shows that the only way for the two non-communicating quantum players to win many games played in sequence is if their shared quantum state is close to the tensor product of EPR states (Bell states) and their measurements are the optimal CHSH measurements on successive qubits. This theorem may be viewed as analogous to classical multi-linearity testing, in the sense that the outcome of local checks gives a characterization of a global object.
In the Quantum Computing field, the CHSH (Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt) game plays a vital role in determining whether a system is in classical or quantum domain. This quantum advantage property is applied in determining the security of the quantum systems, especially in quantum cryptography, in the form of Device-Independent (DI) secure Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). The traditional CHSH game is designed for a system with two players, where each player has access to one entangled qubit from the Bell’s state. In 2024, Hamza Jaffali and Frédéric Holweck proposed a new three-qubit CHSH game by extending the traditional CHSH game to three players using the three-qubit Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state and W state.In this paper, first, we present our findings of new CHSH quantum games with quantum advantage in the four-qubit and five-qubit systems. These CHSH quantum games, when played using their quantum strategy, are found to outperform any classical strategy. Second, we apply the quantum advantage property of the existing three-qubit game to develop the corresponding three party DIQKD protocol. Third, we then apply the quantum advantage property of the newly developed four-qubit and five-qubit games to develop their corresponding four party and five party DIQKD protocols.
Device-independent quantum cryptography allows security even if the devices used to execute the protocol are untrusted - whether this is due to unknown imperfections in the implementation, or because the adversary himself constructed them to subvert the security of the protocol. While device-independence has seen much attention in the domain of quantum key distribution, relatively little is known for general protocols. Here we introduce a new model for device-independence for two-party protocols and position verification in the noisy-storage model. For the first time, we show that such protocols are secure in the most general device-independent model in which the devices may have arbitrary memory, states and measurements. In our analysis, we make use of a slight modification of a beautiful new tool developed in [arXiv:1607.01796] called "Entropy Accumulation Theorem". What's more, the protocols we analyze use only simple preparations and measurements, and can be realized using any experimental setup able to perform a CHSH Bell test. Specifically, security can be attained for any violation of the CHSH inequality, where a higher violation merely leads to a reduction in the amount of rounds required to execute the protocol.
Device-independent security is the gold standard for quantum cryptography: not only is security based entirely on the laws of quantum mechanics, but it holds irrespective of any a priori assumptions on the quantum devices used in a protocol, making it particularly applicable in a quantum-wary environment. While the existence of device-independent protocols for tasks such as randomness expansion and quantum key distribution has recently been established, the underlying proofs of security remain very challenging, yield rather poor key rates, and demand very high quality quantum devices, thus making them all but impossible to implement in practice. We introduce a technique for the analysis of device-independent cryptographic protocols. We provide a flexible protocol and give a security proof that provides quantitative bounds that are asymptotically tight, even in the presence of general quantum adversaries. At a high level our approach amounts to establishing a reduction to the scenario in which the untrusted device operates in an identical and independent way in each round of the protocol. This is achieved by leveraging the sequential nature of the protocol and makes use of a newly developed tool, the “entropy accumulation theorem” of Dupuis, Fawzi, and Renner [ Entropy Accumulation, preprint, 2016]. As concrete applications we give simple and modular security proofs for device-independent quantum key distribution and randomness expansion protocols based on the CHSH inequality. For both tasks, we establish essentially optimal asymptotic key rates and noise tolerance. In view of recent experimental progress, which has culminated in loophole-free Bell tests, it is likely that these protocols can be practically implemented in the near future.
Device-independent quantum secret sharing (DI-QSS) provides security against untrusted quantum devices. While device-independent quantum key distribution (DI-QKD) using Mermin-Peres magic square game [Zhen et al., Phys. Rev. Lett, 2023] has been proposed, we present the first DI-QSS protocol based on a pseudo-telepathy parity game without requiring dedicated rounds and specific basis configuration, unlike CHSH-based DI-QSS schemes [Zhang et al., Phys. Rev. A, 2024]. Our scheme simultaneously certifies device-independence and key generation using a single test, achieving optimal performance for a seven-qubit GHZ state configuration. Security against collective attacks is analyzed, and a positive key rate is obtained under white noise and photon loss. Moreover, we show a bitwise advantage over the previous protocol for producing the same raw key length.