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arXiv:1208.1029

A Note Concerning von Neumann Projector Measurement Pointer States, Weak Values, and Interference

Allen Parks, John Edward Gray

Published Aug 5, 2012• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

It is well known that the pointer state |Φ> resulting from the von Neumann measurement of a projection operator A performed upon an ensemble of quantum systems in the preselected state |ψ> depends upon A|ψ>. Here it is shown that the pointer state |Ψ> obtained from such a measurement performed upon an ensemble that is also postselected depends upon the weak value of A - regardless of the measurement interaction strength. It is also found that, while the spatial distribution of |Ψ> exhibits interference, the idempotency of A prohibits interference in that of |Φ>. This is explained in terms of welcher Weg information.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1208.1029

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It is well known that the pointer state |Φ> resulting from the von Neumann measurement of a projection operator A performed upon an ensemble of quantum systems in the preselected state |ψ> depends upon A|ψ>. Here it is shown that the pointer state |Ψ> obtained from such a measurement performed upon an ensemble that is also postselected depends upon the weak value of A - regardless of the measurement interaction strength. It is also found that, while the spatial distribution of |Ψ> exhibits interference, the idempotency of A prohibits interference in that of |Φ>. This is explained in terms of welcher Weg information.
Exact pointer states are obtained for projection operator measurements performed upon pre-selected (PS) and upon pre- and post-selected (PPS) quantum systems. These states are used to provide simple exact expressions for both the pointer spatial probability distribution profiles and the mean values of arbitrary pointer observables associated with PS and PPS projection operator measurements that are valid for any strength of the interaction which couples a measurement pointer to the quantum system. These profiles and mean values are compared in order to identify the effects of post-selection upon projector measurement pointers. As a special case, these mean value results are applied to the weak measurement regime - yielding PS and PPS mean value expressions which are valid for any operator (projector or non-projector). Measurement sensitivities which are useful for estimating weak measurement accuracies for PS and PPS systems are also obtained and discussed.
Abstract Exact expressions for the mean pointer position, the mean pointer momentum and their variances are obtained for projection operator measurements performed upon ensembles of pre- and postselected (PPS) and preselected-only (PSO) quantum systems. These expressions are valid for any interaction strength which couples a measurement pointer to a quantum system, and consequently should be of general interest to both experimentalists and theoreticians. To account for the ‘collapse’ of PPS states to PSO states that occurs as interaction strength increases and to introduce the concept of ‘weak value persistence’, the exact PPS and PSO pointer theories are combined to provide a pointer theory for statistical mixtures. For the purpose of illustrating ‘weak value persistence’, mixture weights defined in terms of the Bhattacharyya coefficient are used and the statistical mixture theory is applied to mean pointer position data associated with weak value projector measurements obtained from a recent dynamical quantum non-locality detection experiment.
In the weak measurement (WM) scenario involving weak interaction and postselection by projective measurement, the empirical significance of weak values is manifested in terms of shifts in the measurement pointer's mean position and mean momentum. In this context, a general quantitative treatment is presented in this paper by taking into account the hitherto unexplored effect of correlations among the pointer degrees of freedom which pertain to an arbitrary multidimensional preselected pointer state. This leads to an extension of the earlier results, showing that, for complex weak values, the correlations among different pointer degrees of freedom can crucially affect the way the imaginary parts of the weak values are related to the observed shifts of the mean pointer position and momentum. The particular relevance of this analysis is discussed in the case of sequential weak interactions followed by a projective measurement enabling postselection (called sequential WM) which, in the special case, reduces to the usual WM scheme (involving a single weak interaction and postseletion) modified by the effect of pointer-state correlations.
The consensus regarding quantum measurements rests on two statements: (i) von Neumann’s standard quantum measurement theory leaves undetermined the basis in which observables are measured, and (ii) the environmental decoherence of the measuring device (the “meter”) unambiguously determines the measuring (“pointer”) basis. The latter statement means that the environment monitors (measures) selected observables of the meter and (indirectly) of the system. Equivalently, a measured quantum state must end up in one of the “pointer states” that persist in the presence of the environment. We find that, unless we restrict ourselves to projective measurements, decoherence does not necessarily determine the pointer basis of the meter. Namely, generalized measurements commonly allow the observer to choose from a multitude of alternative pointer bases that provide the same information on the observables, regardless of decoherence. By contrast, the measured observable does not depend on the pointer basis, whether in the presence or in the absence of decoherence. These results grant further support to our notion of Quantum Lamarckism, whereby the observer’s choices play an indispensable role in quantum mechanics.
Postselected von Neumann measurement characterized by postselection and weak value has been found to possess potential applications in quantum metrology and solved plenty of fundamental problems in quantum theory. As an application of this new measurement technique in quantum optics and quantum information processing, its effects on the features of single-mode radiation fields such as coherent state, squeezed vacuum state and Schrödinger cat sate are investigated by considering full-order effects of unitary evolution. The results show that the conditional probabilities of finding photons, second-order correlation functions, Qm -factors and squeezing effects of those states after the postselected measurement is significantly changed are comparable with the corresponding initial pointer states.