Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:1207.6512 · IEEE Transactions on Information Theory

CSS-Like Constructions of Asymmetric Quantum Codes

Martianus Frederic Ezerman, Somphong Jitman, San Ling, Dmitrii V. Ṗasechnik

Published Jul 12, 2013• 51 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Asymmetric quantum error-correcting codes (AQCs) may offer some advantage over their symmetric counterparts by providing better error-correction for the more frequent error types. The well-known CSS construction of$q$-ary AQCs is extended by removing the$ \BBF _{q}$-linearity requirement as well as the limitation on the type of inner product used. The proposed constructions are called CSS-like constructions and utilize pairs of nested subfield linear codes under one of the Euclidean, trace Euclidean, Hermitian, and trace Hermitian inner products. After establishing some theoretical foundations, best-performing CSS-like AQCs are constructed. Combining some constructions of nested pairs of classical codes and linear programming, many optimal and good pure$q$-ary CSS-like codes for$q \in \{ 2,3,4,5,7,8,9\}$up to reasonable lengths are found. In many instances, removing the$ \BBF _{q}$-linearity and using alternative inner products give us pure AQCs with improved parameters than relying solely on the standard CSS construction.

DOI
10.1109/tit.2013.2272575

Related papers

On asymmetric quantum error-correcting codes

Martianus Frederic Ezerman

This thesis focuses on the construction and analysis of the parameters of asymmetric quantum error-correcting codes (AQECCs). We use the so-called functional approach to connect AQECCs to classical codes via orthogonal arrays. Based on the functional approach, we derive pure AQECCs from CSS-like constructions that include the standard CSS construction known prior to this work. The CSS-like constructions remove both the specific choice of Euclidean inner product and the $\F_{q}$-linearity condition imposed by the standard variant. Hence, pure AQECCs can now be constructed by using pairs of nested $\F_{r}$-linear codes over $\F_{q}$ where $\F_{r}$ is any subfield of $\F_{q}$ under the Euclidean, trace Euclidean, Hermitian, and trace Hermitian inner products. Relationships between the various CSS-like constructions are also exhibited. A formal definition of asymmetric stabilizer codes is given and a connection between pure asymmetric stabilizer codes and AQECCs derived from the CSS-like constructions is established. It is shown that the class of pure CSS-like AQECCs forms a subset of asymmetric stabilizer codes. We show how classical linear MDS codes can be used to construct AQECCs that satisfy the quantum Singleton bound with $d_{z} \geq d_{x}\geq 2$ for all possible values of length $n$ for which linear MDS codes over $\F_{q}$ are known to exist. Beyond the lengths specified by the classical MDS conjecture, various explicit constructions of nested pairs of classical codes can be combined with linear programming to establish the optimality of pure CSS-like codes with parameters $[[n,k,d_{z}/d_{x}]]_{q}$. For $q=\{2,3,4,5,7,8,9\}$, lists of optimal asymmetric CSS-like codes for reasonable lengths are presented.

•Jan 1, 2011•2 citations

Pure Asymmetric Quantum MDS Codes from CSS Construction: A Complete Characterization

Yeow Meng Chee, Somphong Jitman, Han Mao Kiah +2 more

Using the Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) construction, pure $q$-ary asymmetric quantum error-correcting codes attaining the quantum Singleton bound are constructed. Such codes are called pure CSS asymmetric quantum maximum distance separable (AQMDS) codes. Assuming the validity of the classical MDS Conjecture, pure CSS AQMDS codes of all possible parameters are accounted for.

•Aug 15, 2016•35 citations

Quantum error-correcting codes from matrix-product codes related to quasi-orthogonal matrices and quasi-unitary matrices.

Meng Cao

Matrix-product codes over finite fields are an important class of long linear codes by combining several commensurate shorter linear codes with a defining matrix over finite fields. The construction of matrix-product codes with certain self-orthogonality over finite fields is an effective way to obtain good $q$-ary quantum codes of large length. Specifically, it follows from CSS construction (resp. Hermitian construction) that a matrix-product code over $\mathbb{F}_{q}$ (resp. $\mathbb{F}_{q^{2}}$) which is Euclidean dual-containing (resp. Hermitian dual-containing) can produce a $q$-ary quantum code. In order to obtain such matrix-product codes, a common way is to construct quasi-orthogonal matrices (resp. quasi-unitary matrices) as the defining matrices of matrix-product codes over $\mathbb{F}_{q}$ (resp. $\mathbb{F}_{q^{2}}$). The usage of NSC quasi-orthogonal matrices or NSC quasi-unitary matrices in this process enables the minimum distance lower bound of the corresponding quantum codes to reach its optimum. This article has two purposes: the first is to summarize some results of this topic obtained by the author of this article and his cooperators in \cite{Cao2020Constructioncaowang,Cao2020New,Cao2020Constructionof}; the second is to add some new results on quasi-orthogonal matrices (resp. quasi-unitary matrices), Euclidean dual-containing (resp. Hermitian dual-containing) matrix-product codes and $q$-ary quantum codes derived from these newly constructed matrix-product codes.

•Dec 31, 2020•1 citation

PURE ASYMMETRIC QUANTUM MDS CODES FROM CSS CONSTRUCTION: A COMPLETE CHARACTERIZATION

Martianus Frederic Ezerman, SOMPHONG JITMAN, HAN MAO KIAH +1 more

Using the Calderbank–Shor–Steane (CSS) construction, pure q-ary asymmetric quantum error-correcting codes attaining the quantum Singleton bound are constructed. Such codes are called pure CSS asymmetric quantum maximum distance separable (AQMDS) codes. Assuming the validity of the classical maximum distance separable (MDS) Conjecture, pure CSS AQMDS codes of all possible parameters are accounted for.

arXiv:1006.1694•International Journal of Quantum Information•Apr 1, 2013•30 citations

Asymmetric quantum codes: constructions, bounds and performance

Pradeep Kiran Sarvepalli, Andreas Klappenecker, Martin Rötteler

Recently, quantum error-correcting codes have been proposed that capitalize on the fact that many physical error models lead to a significant asymmetry between the probabilities for bit- and phase-flip errors. An example for a channel that exhibits such asymmetry is the combined amplitude damping and dephasing channel, where the probabilities of bit and phase flips can be related to relaxation and dephasing time, respectively. We study asymmetric quantum codes that are obtained from the Calderbank–Shor–Steane (CSS) construction. For such codes, we derive upper bounds on the code parameters using linear programming. A central result of this paper is the explicit construction of some new families of asymmetric quantum stabilizer codes from pairs of nested classical codes. For instance, we derive asymmetric codes using a combination of Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem (BCH) and finite geometry low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. We show that the asymmetric quantum codes offer two advantages, namely to allow a higher rate without sacrificing performance when compared with symmetric codes and vice versa to allow a higher performance when compared with symmetric codes of comparable rates. Our approach is based on a CSS construction that combines BCH and finite geometry LDPC codes.

Proceedings of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences•Mar 4, 2009•144 citations

Quantum Matrix-Product Codes: CSS-T Characterization and Maximality

Delio Jaramillo-Velez, Alessandro Neri, Adway Patra +2 more

CSS-T codes are quantum error-correcting codes that play an important role in fault-tolerant quantum computation, as they help mitigate the proliferation of errors. They admit a transversal T-gate and are defined from a pair of nested classical binary linear codes satisfying a specific algebraic condition expressed in terms of their Schur square. We extend this algebraic characterization to the propagation rule known as the $(u \mid u+v)$-construction, that is, the matrix-product code constructed from two constituent codes. Moreover, for cyclic constituent codes, we provide an explicit characterization in terms of the defining cyclotomic sets, which extends existing results for cyclic codes. This framework allows the construction of new and longer CSS-T codes.

arXiv:2609.08520•Sep 8, 2026•0 citations
Asymmetric quantum error-correcting codes (AQCs) may offer some advantage over their symmetric counterparts by providing better error-correction for the more frequent error types. The well-known CSS construction ofqqq-ary AQCs is extended by removing the\BBFq \BBF _{q}\BBFq​-linearity requirement as well as the limitation on the type of inner product used. The proposed constructions are called CSS-like constructions and utilize pairs of nested subfield linear codes under one of the Euclidean, trace Euclidean, Hermitian, and trace Hermitian inner products. After establishing some theoretical foundations, best-performing CSS-like AQCs are constructed. Combining some constructions of nested pairs of classical codes and linear programming, many optimal and good pureqqq-ary CSS-like codes forq∈{2,3,4,5,7,8,9}q \in \{ 2,3,4,5,7,8,9\}q∈{2,3,4,5,7,8,9}up to reasonable lengths are found. In many instances, removing the\BBFq \BBF _{q}\BBFq​-linearity and using alternative inner products give us pure AQCs with improved parameters than relying solely on the standard CSS construction.
This thesis focuses on the construction and analysis of the parameters of asymmetric quantum error-correcting codes (AQECCs). We use the so-called functional approach to connect AQECCs to classical codes via orthogonal arrays. Based on the functional approach, we derive pure AQECCs from CSS-like constructions that include the standard CSS construction known prior to this work. The CSS-like constructions remove both the specific choice of Euclidean inner product and the $\F_{q}$-linearity condition imposed by the standard variant. Hence, pure AQECCs can now be constructed by using pairs of nested $\F_{r}$-linear codes over $\F_{q}$ where $\F_{r}$ is any subfield of $\F_{q}$ under the Euclidean, trace Euclidean, Hermitian, and trace Hermitian inner products. Relationships between the various CSS-like constructions are also exhibited. A formal definition of asymmetric stabilizer codes is given and a connection between pure asymmetric stabilizer codes and AQECCs derived from the CSS-like constructions is established. It is shown that the class of pure CSS-like AQECCs forms a subset of asymmetric stabilizer codes. We show how classical linear MDS codes can be used to construct AQECCs that satisfy the quantum Singleton bound with dz≥dx≥2d_{z} \geq d_{x}\geq 2dz​≥dx​≥2 for all possible values of length nnn for which linear MDS codes over $\F_{q}$ are known to exist. Beyond the lengths specified by the classical MDS conjecture, various explicit constructions of nested pairs of classical codes can be combined with linear programming to establish the optimality of pure CSS-like codes with parameters [[n,k,dz/dx]]q[[n,k,d_{z}/d_{x}]]_{q}[[n,k,dz​/dx​]]q​. For q={2,3,4,5,7,8,9}q=\{2,3,4,5,7,8,9\}q={2,3,4,5,7,8,9}, lists of optimal asymmetric CSS-like codes for reasonable lengths are presented.
Using the Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) construction, pure qqq-ary asymmetric quantum error-correcting codes attaining the quantum Singleton bound are constructed. Such codes are called pure CSS asymmetric quantum maximum distance separable (AQMDS) codes. Assuming the validity of the classical MDS Conjecture, pure CSS AQMDS codes of all possible parameters are accounted for.
Matrix-product codes over finite fields are an important class of long linear codes by combining several commensurate shorter linear codes with a defining matrix over finite fields. The construction of matrix-product codes with certain self-orthogonality over finite fields is an effective way to obtain good qqq-ary quantum codes of large length. Specifically, it follows from CSS construction (resp. Hermitian construction) that a matrix-product code over Fq\mathbb{F}_{q}Fq​ (resp. Fq2\mathbb{F}_{q^{2}}Fq2​) which is Euclidean dual-containing (resp. Hermitian dual-containing) can produce a qqq-ary quantum code. In order to obtain such matrix-product codes, a common way is to construct quasi-orthogonal matrices (resp. quasi-unitary matrices) as the defining matrices of matrix-product codes over Fq\mathbb{F}_{q}Fq​ (resp. Fq2\mathbb{F}_{q^{2}}Fq2​). The usage of NSC quasi-orthogonal matrices or NSC quasi-unitary matrices in this process enables the minimum distance lower bound of the corresponding quantum codes to reach its optimum. This article has two purposes: the first is to summarize some results of this topic obtained by the author of this article and his cooperators in \cite{Cao2020Constructioncaowang,Cao2020New,Cao2020Constructionof}; the second is to add some new results on quasi-orthogonal matrices (resp. quasi-unitary matrices), Euclidean dual-containing (resp. Hermitian dual-containing) matrix-product codes and qqq-ary quantum codes derived from these newly constructed matrix-product codes.
Recently, quantum error-correcting codes have been proposed that capitalize on the fact that many physical error models lead to a significant asymmetry between the probabilities for bit- and phase-flip errors. An example for a channel that exhibits such asymmetry is the combined amplitude damping and dephasing channel, where the probabilities of bit and phase flips can be related to relaxation and dephasing time, respectively. We study asymmetric quantum codes that are obtained from the Calderbank–Shor–Steane (CSS) construction. For such codes, we derive upper bounds on the code parameters using linear programming. A central result of this paper is the explicit construction of some new families of asymmetric quantum stabilizer codes from pairs of nested classical codes. For instance, we derive asymmetric codes using a combination of Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem (BCH) and finite geometry low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. We show that the asymmetric quantum codes offer two advantages, namely to allow a higher rate without sacrificing performance when compared with symmetric codes and vice versa to allow a higher performance when compared with symmetric codes of comparable rates. Our approach is based on a CSS construction that combines BCH and finite geometry LDPC codes.
CSS-T codes are quantum error-correcting codes that play an important role in fault-tolerant quantum computation, as they help mitigate the proliferation of errors. They admit a transversal T-gate and are defined from a pair of nested classical binary linear codes satisfying a specific algebraic condition expressed in terms of their Schur square. We extend this algebraic characterization to the propagation rule known as the (u∣u+v)(u \mid u+v)(u∣u+v)-construction, that is, the matrix-product code constructed from two constituent codes. Moreover, for cyclic constituent codes, we provide an explicit characterization in terms of the defining cyclotomic sets, which extends existing results for cyclic codes. This framework allows the construction of new and longer CSS-T codes.