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arXiv:1206.1788 · Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Optical force acting on strongly driven atoms in free space or modified reservoirs

Mihai Macovei

Published Feb 8, 2013• 0 citations
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Abstract

We investigate the quantum dynamics of a moderately driven two-level particle in free space or modified electromagnetic field reservoir. Particularly, we calculate the optical force acting on the radiator in such an environment. We found that the modified environmental reservoir influences significantly the optical force. Very intense driving in free space also modifies the maximal force.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/46/4/045502

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We investigate the quantum dynamics of a moderately driven two-level particle in free space or modified electromagnetic field reservoir. Particularly, we calculate the optical force acting on the radiator in such an environment. We found that the modified environmental reservoir influences significantly the optical force. Very intense driving in free space also modifies the maximal force.
The characteristics of dissipative mechanical forces acting on strongly driven atoms depend on the spontaneous decay rate of the driven transition. In previous studies,1 it has been assumed that the spontaneous decay rates arise from the coupling of the atoms to the free-space electromagnetic vacuum reservoir. Recently, it has been shown2 that new and novel physics can arise when the reservoir that mediates atomic relaxation is colored (frequency dependent) as can be accomplished by a suitably designed cavity or waveguide. We show that a two-level atom moving in an intense rest-frame-resonant standing-wave and decaying via coupling to a colored vacuum reservoir experiences a damping force (which is substantially larger than that predicted in other studies) useful in slowing the atom. This force, unlike traditional cooling forces, is effective over a dramatically wide range of atomic velocities. In fact, the force can be effective even for thermal velocity atoms if the vacuum is strongly colored.
In quantum optical problems involving the interaction of atoms with laser fields, the atoms are usually considered being stationary during the interaction. Since every photon has a momentum, the atomic momentum (motion) can be changed in the process of absorption and emission of photons. This may force a stationary atom to move or to change momentum of an already moving atom. Therefore, the dynamical behaviour of atoms can be varied by the interaction with a radiation field. For a weak driving field, the influence of this field on the atomic motion can be neglected. However, the intensities of laser fields are generally very strong, and then the motion of the atoms can be considerably changed by the laser field. Here, we discuss this aspect, especially the effect of a driving field on the motion of atoms and the atomic momentum distribution. In particular, we will consider diffraction of atoms by a standing-wave laser field due to an exchange of momentum with the photons of the wave, and radiation force on atoms driven by a running-or standing-wave laser field.
Interesting new aspects of atomic behavior in the presence of strong driving fields appear when the driven atom resides not in free space, but in a region (such as an optical cavity) that displays a frequency-dependent photon-mode density. Under such conditions, it is found that a strong driving field can modify the spontaneous decay properties of an atom, and thereby give rise to interesting new features in the spectrum of strong-field resonance fluorescence. It is also found that a high level of dressed-state polarization can be maintained in a sample of resonantly or nonresonantly driven atoms by appropriate tuning of an enclosing cavity. Furthermore, for appropriate laser and cavity tunings, it is found that the atomic states become highly squeezed. In the course of analyzing these effects, a set of modified Bloch equations is derived that explicitly accounts for the finite response time associated with a frequency-dependent photon-mode density.