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arXiv:1201.6451 · Annalen der Physik

The inhomogeneous extended Bose‐Hubbard model: A mean‐field theory

Jamshid Moradi Kurdestany, R.V. Pai, Rahul Anil Pandit

Published Feb 2, 2012• 20 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract We develop an inhomogeneous mean‐field theory for the extended Bose‐Hubbard model with a quadratic, confining potential. In the absence of this potential, our mean‐field theory yields the phase diagram of the homogeneous extended Bose‐Hubbard model. This phase diagram shows a superfluid (SF) phase and lobes of Mott‐insulator (MI), density‐wave (DW), and supersolid (SS) phases in the plane of the chemical potential µ and on‐site repulsion U; we present phase diagrams for representative values of V, the repulsive energy for bosons on nearest‐neighbor sites. We demonstrate that, when the confining potential is present, superfluid and density‐wave order parameters are nonuniform; in particular, we obtain, for a few representative values of parameters, spherical shells of SF, MI, DW, and SS phases. We explore the implications of our study for experiments on cold‐atom dipolar condensates in optical lattices in a confining potential.

DOI
10.1002/andp.201100274

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Abstract We develop an inhomogeneous mean‐field theory for the extended Bose‐Hubbard model with a quadratic, confining potential. In the absence of this potential, our mean‐field theory yields the phase diagram of the homogeneous extended Bose‐Hubbard model. This phase diagram shows a superfluid (SF) phase and lobes of Mott‐insulator (MI), density‐wave (DW), and supersolid (SS) phases in the plane of the chemical potential µ and on‐site repulsion U; we present phase diagrams for representative values of V, the repulsive energy for bosons on nearest‐neighbor sites. We demonstrate that, when the confining potential is present, superfluid and density‐wave order parameters are nonuniform; in particular, we obtain, for a few representative values of parameters, spherical shells of SF, MI, DW, and SS phases. We explore the implications of our study for experiments on cold‐atom dipolar condensates in optical lattices in a confining potential.
We present an extensive study of Mott insulator (MI) and superfluid (SF) shells in Bose-Hubbard (BH) models for bosons in optical lattices with harmonic traps. For this we apply the inhomogeneous mean-field theory developed by Sheshadri et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4075 (1995)]. Our results for the BH model with one type of spinless bosons agree quantitatively with quantum Monte Carlo simulations. Our approach is numerically less intensive than such simulations, so we are able to perform calculations on experimentally realistic, large three-dimensional systems, explore a wide range of parameter values, and make direct contact with a variety of experimental measurements. We also extend our inhomogeneous mean-field theory to study BH models with harmonic traps and (a) two species of bosons or (b) spin-1 bosons. With two species of bosons, we obtain rich phase diagrams with a variety of SF and MI phases and associated shells when we include a quadratic confining potential. For the spin-1 BH model, we show, in a representative case, that the system can display alternating shells of polar SF and MI phases, and we make interesting predictions for experiments in such systems.
By using the inhomogeneous mean-field theory, the phase diagram of the two-dimensional soft-core extended Bose-Hubbard model with both on-site and nearest-neighbor interactions in the presence of spatial disorder is determined. Rich phases, including Mott-insulator, checkerboard solid, supersolid, superfluid and disordered solid are obtained. Interestingly, due to the presence of disorder, a new disordered solid phase is found between the incompressible lobes, and it is demonstrated that the supersolid phase can survive in two-dimensional soft-core bosons. Furthermore, the system undergoes the phase transition from a disordered solid into a solid order or supersolid landscape when the disorder strength is increased. For weak nearest-neighbor repulsion, the increase of the disorder strength induces both checkerboard solid and supersolid phases shrinking to smaller hopping regions. However, for strong nearest-neighbor repulsion, the disorder stabilizes the supersolid phase and makes it occupying a remarkably broad region in the phase diagram. The analytical expressions for the phase boundaries between the incompressible and compressible phases are also obtained, which are in qualitative agreement with our numerical results.
We carry out an extensive study of the phase diagrams of the extended Bose Hubbard model, with a mean filling of one boson per site, in one dimension by using the density matrix renormalization group and show that it contains Superfluid (SF), Mott-insulator (MI), density-wave (DW) and Haldane-insulator (HI) phases. We show that the critical exponents and central charges for the HI-DW, MI-HI and SF-MI transitions are consistent with those for models in the two-dimensional Ising, Gaussian, and Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) universality classes, respectively; and we suggest that the SF-HI transition may be more exotic than a simple BKT transition. We show explicitly that different boundary conditions lead to different phase diagrams.
For systems of interacting, ultracold spin-zero neutral bosonic atoms, harmonically trapped and subject to an optical lattice potential, we derive an Extended Bose Hubbard (EBH) model by developing a systematic expansion for the Hamiltonian of the system in powers of the lattice parameters and of a scale parameter, the lattice attenuation factor. We identify the dominant terms that need to be retained in realistic experimental conditions, up to nearest-neighbor interactions and nearest-neighbor hoppings conditioned by the on-site occupation numbers. In the mean field approximation, we determine the free energy of the system and study the phase diagram both at zero and at finite temperature. At variance with the standard on site Bose Hubbard model, the zero-temperature phase diagram of the EBH model possesses a dual structure in the Mott insulating regime. Namely, for specific ranges of the lattice parameters, a density wave phase characterizes the system at integer fillings, with domains of alternating mean occupation numbers that are the atomic counterparts of the domains of staggered magnetizations in an antiferromagnetic phase. We show as well that in the EBH model, a zero-temperature quantum phase transition to pair superfluidity is, in principle, possible, but completely suppressed at the lowest order in the lattice attenuation factor. Finally, we determine the possible occurrence of the different phases as a function of the experimentally controllable lattice parameters.
We investigate the phase diagram of interacting bosons in a tripartite lattice in two dimensions. An analytic computation of the phase diagram in the parameter space defined by the on-site boson–boson repulsion parameter and the chemical potential is done via a second-order strong coupling perturbation theory on the extended Bose–Hubbard model, which is hence supplemented by numerical mean-field calculations. Interesting results emerge in the form of exotic density ordered phases with one-third, two-third and unity filling of bosons per trimer. The pattern repeats as the chemical potential is increased. Further regions of supersolid and superfluid phases are noted in the numerical study of the mean-field model where the phase diagram shows a transition from compressible to insulating phases.
We carry out an extensive study of the phase diagram of the extended Bose Hubbard model, with a mean filling of one boson per site, in one dimension by using the density matrix renormalization group and show that it can have Superfluid (SF), Mott-insulator (MI), density-wave (DW) and Haldane-insulator (HI) phases depending on the precise value of filling and how edge states are handled. We show that the critical exponents and central charge for the HI-DW, MI-HI and SF-MI transitions are consistent with those for models in the two-dimensional Ising, Gaussian, and Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) universality classes, respectively; and we suggest that the SF-HI transition may be more exotic than a simple BKT transition.