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arXiv:1111.6770 · Journal of Modern Optics

Collective strong coupling in a lossy optical cavity

Arne Wickenbrock, Piyaphat Phoonthong, Ferruccio Renzoni

Published Aug 1, 2011• 12 citations
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Abstract

We observe vacuum Rabi splitting in a lossy nearly confocal cavity indicating the strong coupling regime, despite a weak single-atom single-mode coupling. Strong collective interaction manifests itself in the typical N 1/2-dependence of the normal mode splitting on the number of atoms N. The TEM00-mode coupling parameters are (g, κ, γ) = 2π × (0.12, 0.8, 2.6) MHz and up to (1.33 ± 0.08) × 105 cesium atoms were loaded into the mode volume.

DOI
10.1080/09500340.2011.599881

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We observe vacuum Rabi splitting in a lossy nearly confocal cavity indicating the strong coupling regime, despite a weak single-atom single-mode coupling. Strong collective interaction manifests itself in the typical N 1/2-dependence of the normal mode splitting on the number of atoms N. The TEM00-mode coupling parameters are (g, κ, γ) = 2π × (0.12, 0.8, 2.6) MHz and up to (1.33 ± 0.08) × 105 cesium atoms were loaded into the mode volume.
We investigate the transmission spectrum of an optical cavity coupled with four-level atoms. Multiple normal-mode splitting peaks of the strongly coupled atom-cavity system are obtained as single cavity mode couples three separated atomic transitions simultaneously. We employ a confocal optical cavity and an ensemble of cold Rb-85 atoms for cavity quantum electrodynamics. We observe four normal-mode splitting peaks of the cavity transmission in the strong coupling regime due to collective enhancement of the atom-cavity coupling strength by ensemble of cold atoms. The experimental observations are consistent with the theoretical analysis. The multiple normal-mode excitation in the strongly coupled multi-level atom-cavity system may lead to practical application for realizing multi-channel all-optical devices.
We describe the apparatus of an optical cavity loaded with cold 85Rb atoms of high optical depth (OD) in the weak coupling regime. The relevant cavity-atom parameters are the single-photon Rabi frequency g0 = 2π × 0.25 MHz, the cavity power decay rate κ = 2π × 9.0 MHz, and the atomic excited state decay rate Γ = 2π × 5.75 MHz. In this bad-cavity configuration where the atomic natural linewidth (Γ/2π) is less than the cavity linewidth (κ/2π), the cavity enhancement factor for the longitudinal OD is about 188. We obtain a cavity enhanced OD up to 7600, corresponding to an atomic ensemble with a bare single-pass OD of 40, coupled to the cavity mode. Our intracavity cold atomic ensemble with high OD may have many applications in studying collective atom-light interaction inside an optical cavity.
Strong coupling of single cesium atoms with a high-finesse optical micro-cavity (the finesse of our Fabry-Perot-type micro-cavity is F = 3.3 x 105 and the cavity length is lc = 86 μm) has been realized for the both cases of TEM00 and TEM10 cavity modes in our experiments. The typical parameters are (g00, κ, Υ) = 2π x (23.9, 2.6, 2.6) MHz and (g10, κ, Υ) = 2π x (20.5, 2.6, 2.6) MHz for these two cases, respectively. Obviously our system reaches the strong coupling regime. The first application is to adopt strong coupling of free-fall individual atoms with the TEM00 cavity mode for determining the effective temperature of laser-cooled atoms prepared in a magneto-optical trap located just above the micro-cavity. The second application is to employ strong coupling of free-fall individual atoms with the tilted TEM10 cavity mode, in stead of TEM00 mode, for more precisely tracking the trajectories of atoms passing through the cavity mode.
Strong coupling between an atom and an electromagnetic resonator is an important condition in cavity quantum electrodynamics. While strong coupling in various physical systems has been achieved so far, it remained elusive for single atomic ions. Here, we achieve a coupling strength of 2π×(12.3±0.1) MHz between a single ^{40}Ca^{+} ion and an optical cavity, exceeding both atomic and cavity decay rates which are 2π×11.5 and 2π×(4.1±0.1) MHz, respectively. We use cavity assisted Raman spectroscopy to precisely characterize the ion-cavity coupling strength and observe a spectrum featuring the normal mode splitting in the cavity transmission due to the ion-cavity interaction. Our work paves the way towards new applications of cavity quantum electrodynamics utilizing single trapped ions in the strong coupling regime for quantum optics and quantum technologies.