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arXiv:1111.4321

A Multi-Path Interferometer on an Atom Chip

Jovana S. Petrovic, I. Herrera, Pietro Lombardi, F. S. Cataliotti

Published Nov 18, 2011• 0 citations
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Abstract

Cold-atom interferometry is a powerful tool for high-precision measurements of the quantum properties of atoms, many-body interactions and gravity. Further enhancement of sensitivity and reduction of complexity of these devices are crucial conditions for success of their applications. Here we introduce a multi-path interferometric scheme that offers advances in both these aspects. It uses coherent coupling between Bose-Einstein condensates in different Zeeman states to generate an interferometric signal with sharp fringes. We realise such an interferometer as a compact easy-to-use atom-chip device and thus provide an alternative method for measurement of the light-atom and surface-atom interactions.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1111.4321

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Cold-atom interferometry is a powerful tool for high-precision measurements of the quantum properties of atoms, many-body interactions and gravity. Further enhancement of sensitivity and reduction of complexity of these devices are crucial conditions for success of their applications. Here we introduce a multi-path interferometric scheme that offers advances in both these aspects. It uses coherent coupling between Bose-Einstein condensates in different Zeeman states to generate an interferometric signal with sharp fringes. We realise such an interferometer as a compact easy-to-use atom-chip device and thus provide an alternative method for measurement of the light-atom and surface-atom interactions.
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The integration of cold atomic sources and electromagnetic field sources in the same device is a major frontier for both fundamental science and advanced technology. In this paper, we discuss the realization of the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) on an AtomChip and describe such an experimental configuration realized at LENS. We also concentrate on the realization of a particular integrated matter wave interferometer where coherent coupling between the BECs in different Zeeman states is used to produce a fringe time-population signal at the output. Finally, we discuss the prospects for application of such a device as a multi-path interferometer.\n\t\t\t3rd International School and Conference on Photonics, Aug 29-Sep 02, 2011, Belgrade, Serbia
Bose-Einstein condensates are coherent matter waves, produced by cooling gaseous atomic clouds to ultra-low temperatures. For applications in atom interferometry and precision measurements, Bose-condensed sources present an intriguing alternative to thermal atoms. Although the current sensitivity achievable with interferometers using coherent atoms is not comparable to thermal beam machines (mainly due to the lower flux), there are promising ways to utilise the potential of Bose-condensed sources for atom interferometry. Among those is the low momentum width of Bose-Einstein condensates, which can generally be well controlled and is advantageous for increased interferometric sensitivities by implementing large momentum transfer beam splitters. As part of this thesis, experimental and theoretical investigations are presented to investigate the potential of Bose-Einstein condensates for such applications. We shall present the quantum projection noise limited performance of a Ramsey interferometer operating on the atomic clock transition of a freely expanding cloud of Bose-condensed rubidium 87 atoms. The results include Ramsey fringes of high visibility, not measurably affected by atomic interaction-induced dephasing effects. The achievement and detection of the quantum projection noise limit rely critically on the precision and accuracy of both the imaging setup and the coupling scheme in the interferometric beam splitters. The stabilisation of the beam splitters via an optical Sagnac interferometer is the basis for the quantum projection noise limited performance of the interferometer presented. For an increase of bandwidth and flux in atom interferometric measurements, it is advantageous to use a continuous atomic beam. A truly continuous coherent atom source has not been realised to date, and we present results on a pumping mechanism in this thesis, as a decisive step towards a continuous atom laser. By the investigation of different momentum resonances, we find that the pumping scheme relies on a Raman superradiance-like process. Finally, the thesis demonstrates two interaction measurements in rubidium. The strong mean field interactions due to the high densities in Bose-Einstein condensates are used to probe the potential of a rubidium 87 condensate with an atom laser. The measurement allows a determination of the scattering length between the two atomic states involved. In addition to this two-body scattering scheme, we present a measurement of three-body loss coefficients, extracted from loss curves in rubidium 85 Bose-Einstein condensates. The measurement provides new upper bounds on the three-body loss coefficients at the scattering lengths considered.
Ultra-cold atoms provide ideal platforms for interferometry. The macroscopic matter-wave property of ultra-cold atoms leads to large coherent length and long coherent time, which enable high accuracy and sensitivity to measurement. Here, we review our efforts to improve the performance of the interferometer. We demonstrate a shortcut method for manipulating ultra-cold atoms in an optical lattice. Compared with traditional ones, this shortcut method can reduce the manipulation time by up to three orders of magnitude. We construct a matter-wave Ramsey interferometer for trapped motional quantum states and significantly increase its coherence time by one order of magnitude with an echo technique based on this method. Efforts have also been made to enhance the resolution by multimode scheme. Application of a noise-resilient multi-component interferometer shows that increasing the number of paths could sharpen the peaks in the time-domain interference fringes, which leads to a resolution nearly twice compared with that of a conventional double-path two-mode interferometer. With the shortcut method mentioned above, improvement of the momentum resolution could also be fulfilled, which leads to atomic momentum patterns less than 0.6 ℏkL . To identify and remove systematic noises, we introduce the methods based on the principal component analysis (PCA) that reduce the noise in detection close to the 1 / 2 of the photon-shot noise and separate and identify or even eliminate noises. Furthermore, we give a proposal to measure precisely the local gravity acceleration within a few centimeters based on our study of ultracold atoms in precision measurements.
Cold atom interferometers have demonstrated excellent performance and hold great prospects for time, gravity, acceleration and rotation measurements [1]. Trapped interferometers, for example using atom chips [2], can potentially enable portable applications of theses sensors. Atom chip interferometers have been successfully demonstrated using Bose-Einstein condensates [3] but are subject to the effect of atom-atom interactions which cause phase decoherence [4]. In [5], we proposed an atom chip interferometer using a gas just above the condensation threshold to reduce the interaction effects. This proposal is similar to white light interferometry in the sense that the difference between the optical paths of the two arms must be close to zero to observe fringes. In a trapped interferometer this condition is analogous to maximizing the degree of symmetry between the two trapping potentials [6]. We demonstrated that if the two trapping potentials are harmonic with slightly different curvatures (ω and ω + δω for the first and the second trap) inhomogeneous dephasing arises.
Atom interferometers provide a powerful tool for measuring physical constants and affirming fundamental physics with unprecedented precision. The sensitivity of atom interferometers is significantly enhanced by optical lattices and coherent atomic sources. However, their interplay gives rise to additional complexities and intriguing phenomena. Here, we report on realizing a Ramsey-Bord\'e interferometer of coherent matter waves modified by a moving optical lattice in a gravitational field, and explore a resulting multipath interference with tunable coherence. We investigate spatial correlations of atoms both within the lattice and between two arms by interferometry, and observed the emerging multiple interference peaks of the Bose-Einstein condensate with sublattice site resolution. Our findings agree well with simulations, paving the way for high-precision interferometry and exploring rich interferometer phenomena using ultracold atoms.