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arXiv:1111.4112 · physica status solidi (b)

Numerical minimisation of Gutzwiller energy functionals

Jörg Bünemann, Florian Gebhard, Tobias Schickling, Werner Weber

Published Feb 24, 2012• 18 citations
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Abstract

Abstract We give a comprehensive introduction into an efficient numerical scheme for the minimisation of Gutzwiller energy functionals for multi‐band Hubbard models. Our method covers all conceivable cases of Gutzwiller variational wave functions and has been used successfully in previous numerical studies.
DOI
10.1002/pssb.201147585

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The Philosophical Magazine A Journal of Theoretical Experimental and Applied Physics•Apr 28, 2006•0 citations
Abstract The minimum of the Gutzwiller energy functional depends on the number of parameters considered in the variational state. For a three‐orbital Hubbard model, we find that the frequently used diagonal Ansatz is very accurate in high‐symmetry situations. For lower symmetry, induced by a crystal‐field splitting or the spin–orbit coupling, the discrepancies in energy between the most general and a diagonal Gutzwiller Ansatz can be quite significant. We discuss approximate schemes that may be employed in multi‐band cases where a minimization of the general Gutzwiller energy functional is too demanding numerically.
The minimum of the Gutzwiller energy functional depends on the number of parameters considered in the variational state. For a three-orbital Hubbard model we find that the frequently used diagonal Ansatz is very accurate in high-symmetry situations. For lower symmetry, induced by a crystal-field splitting or the spin-orbit coupling, the discrepancies in energy between the most general and a diagonal Gutzwiller Ansatz can be quite significant. We discuss approximate schemes that may be employed in multi-band cases where a minimization of the general Gutzwiller energy functional is too demanding numerically.
Gutzwiller functions are popular variational wave functions for correlated electrons in Hubbard models. Following the variational principle, we are interested in the Gutzwiller parameters that minimize, e.g., the expectation value of the energy. Rewriting the expectation value as a rational function in the Gutzwiller parameters, we find a very efficient way for performing that minimization. The method can be used to optimize general Gutzwiller-type wave functions both in variational and in fixed-node diffusion Monte Carlo.
We present a self-consistent numerical approach to solve the Gutzwiller variational problem for general multiband models with arbitrary on-site interaction. The proposed method generalizes and improves the procedure derived by Deng et al. [Phys. Rev. B 79, 075114 (2009)], overcoming the restriction to density-density interaction without increasing the complexity of the computational algorithm. Our approach drastically reduces the problem of the high-dimensional Gutzwiller minimization by mapping it to a minimization only in the variational density matrix, in the spirit of the Levy and Lieb formulation of density functional theory (DFT). For fixed density the Gutzwiller renormalization matrix is determined as a fixpoint of a proper functional, whose evaluation requires only ground-state calculations of matrices defined in the Gutzwiller variational space. Furthermore, the proposed method is able to account for the symmetries of the variational function in a controlled way, reducing the number of variational parameters. After a detailed description of the method we present calculations for multiband Hubbard models with full (rotationally invariant) Hund's rule on-site interaction. Our analysis shows that the numerical algorithm is very efficient, stable, and easy to implement. For these reasons this method is particularly suitable for first-principles studies (e.g., in combination with DFT) of many complex real materials, where the full intra-atomic interaction is important to obtain correct results.
This work covers three lectures on Gutzwiller wave functions for correlated electron systems. In the first lecture, some basic ideas on model Hamiltonians and their motivation are outlined, Gutzwiller's variational approach to Landau Fermi-liquid theory is sketched, and, as a first application, the theory is applied to the one-band Hubbard model where the Brinkman–Rice metal-to-insulator transition is found. The second lecture is devoted to the perturbative calculation of expectation values. In this rather technical part the variational analog of Wick's theorem, Feynman diagrams, and the linked-cluster theorem are introduced. The important differences between the variational approach and the standard Green function technique are the absence of a time-dependence and the flexibility to select the expansion parameter of the variational perturbation theory. When this flexibility is used appropriately, not a single self-energy diagram must be calculated in the limit of large dimensions, i.e. in the limit of large lattice coordination number the expectation values can be evaluated exactly for general Hubbard-type models for all interaction strengths and band fillings. The third lecture covers the application of the theory to ferromagnetism of nickel. After a discussion of the nickel problem, multi-band Hubbard models and Gutzwiller wave functions are introduced and parameterized. The favourable comparison between the results from Gutzwiller theory and a large number of experiments shows that correlations play an important role in itinerant ferromagnets.