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arXiv:1111.1962 · Quantum Information and Computation

Quantum solution to a three player Kolkata restaurant problem using entangled qutrits

Puya Sharif, Hoshang Heydari

Published Mar 1, 2014• 5 citations
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Abstract

Three player quantum Kolkata restaurant problem is modelled using three entangled qutrits. This first use of three level quantum states in this context is a step towards a $N$-choice generalization of the $N$-player quantum minority game. It is shown that a better than classical payoff is achieved by a Nash equilibrium solution where the space of available strategies is spanned by subsets of SU(3) and the players share a tripartite entangled initial state.

DOI
10.26421/qic14.3-4-6

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Three player quantum Kolkata restaurant problem is modelled using three entangled qutrits. This first use of three level quantum states in this context is a step towards a NNN-choice generalization of the NNN-player quantum minority game. It is shown that a better than classical payoff is achieved by a Nash equilibrium solution where the space of available strategies is spanned by subsets of SU(3) and the players share a tripartite entangled initial state.
The Quantum Kolkata restaurant problem is a multiple-choice version of the quantum minority game, where a set of n non-communicating players have to chose between one of m choices. A payoff is granted to the players that make a unique choice. It has previously been shown that shared entanglement and quantum operations can aid the players to coordinate their actions and acquire higher payoffs than is possible with classical randomization. In this paper the initial quantum state is expanded to a family of GHZ-type states and strategies are discussed in terms of possible final outcomes. It is shown that the players individually seek outcomes that maximize the collective good.
A version of the Monty Hall problem is presented where the players are permitted to select quantum strategies. If the initial state involves no entanglement the Nash equilibrium in the quantum game offers the players nothing more than that obtained with a classical mixed strategy. However, if the initial state involves entanglement of the qutrits of the two players, it is advantageous for one player to have access to a quantum strategy while the other does not. Where both players have access to quantum strategies there is no Nash equilibrium in pure strategies, however, there is a Nash equilibrium in quantum mixed strategies that gives the same average payoff as the classical game.
We give a self contained introduction to a few quantum game protocols, starting with the quantum version of the two-player two-choice game of Prisoners dilemma, followed by a n-player generalization trough the quantum minority games, and finishing with a contribution towards a n-player m-choice generalization with a quantum version of a three-player Kolkata restaurant problem. We have omitted some technical details accompanying these protocols, and instead laid the focus on presenting some general aspects of the field as a whole. This review contains an introduction to the formalism of quantum information theory, as well as to important game theoretical concepts, and is aimed to work as an introduction suiting economists and game theorists with limited knowledge of quantum physics as well as to physicists with limited knowledge of game theory.
Game theory is the mathematical framework for analyzing strategic interactions in conflict and competition situations. In recent years quantum game theory has earned the attention of physicists, and has emerged as a branch of quantum information theory [1]. With the aid of entanglement and linear superposition of strategies, quantum games are shown to yield signifcant advantage over their classical counterparts. In this paper we explore optimal and equilibrium solutions to quantum minority games. Initial states with different level of entanglement are investigated. Focus will be on 4 and 6 player games with some N-player generalizations.
Game theory is the mathematical framework for analyzing strategic interactions in conflict and competition situations.In recent years quantum game theory has earned the attention of physicists, and has emerged as a branch of quantum information theory [1].With the aid of entanglement and linear superposition of strategies, quantum games are shown to yield significant advantage over their classical counterparts.In this paper we explore optimal and equilibrium solutions to quantum minority games.Initial states with different level of entanglement are investigated.Focus will be on 4 and 6 player games with some N -player generalizations.