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arXiv:1109.4302

Weak value analogue in classical stochastic process

Hiroyuki Tomita

Published Sep 20, 2011• 1 citation
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Abstract

The time evolution of the two-time conditional probability of the classical stochastic process is described in an analogous form of the quantum mechanical wave equations. By using it, we emulate the same strange behaviors as those of the weak value in the quantum mechanics. A negative probability and abnormal expectations of some quantities remarkablely larger than their inherent norms are found in an example of a stochastic Ising spin system.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1109.4302

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The time evolution of the two-time conditional probability of the classical stochastic process is described in an analogous form of the quantum mechanical wave equations. By using it, we emulate the same strange behaviors as those of the weak value in the quantum mechanics. A negative probability and abnormal expectations of some quantities remarkablely larger than their inherent norms are found in an example of a stochastic Ising spin system.
One of the remarkable notions in the recent development of quantum physics is the weak value related to weak measurements. We emulate it as a two-time conditional expectation in a classical stochastic model. We use the well known symmetrized form of the master equation, which is formally equivalent to the wave equation in quantum mechanics apart from the fact that wave functions are always real. The origin of the unusual behaviors of the weak value such as the negative probability and the abnormal enhancement of some expectations becomes clearer in the present case, where the two-time conditional probability has no ambiguity of imaginary/complex values.
One of the remarkable notions in the recent development of quantum physics is the weak value related to weak measurements.We emulate it as a two-time conditional expectation in a classical stochastic model.We use the well known symmetrized form of the master equation, which is formally equivalent to the wave equation in quantum mechanics apart from the fact that wave functions are always real.The origin of the unusual behaviors of the weak value such as the negative probability and the abnormal enhancement of some expectations becomes clearer in the present case, where the two-time conditional probability has no ambiguity of imaginary/complex values.
We show that a quantum system may be associated with a backward stochastic process in complex configuration space when the so-called weak value of the position operator is interpreted as a conditional expectation value. The quantum-mechanical expectation values of the position, momentum, angular momentum, and energy are shown to be the weighted averages of the corresponding quantities for the stochastic process. Moreover, the stochastic trajectory is shown to reduce to the correct classical trajectory in the limit where the de Broglie wavelength vanishes.
Introduction. There exists a very comprehensive theory concerning the time development of probabilistic systems. This is the Theory of Stochastic processes (1). Quantum mechanics as described by the Schrödinger equation rests very heavily on probabilistic interpretation, and yet, after forty years of remarkably rapid advances and successes, it is not clear how it is related to stochastic theory. The formal similarity of certain aspects of, and equations used in these two theories are well known. The diffusion equation corresponds to the Schrödinger equation, a correspondence only marred by a square root of minus unity appearing with the time derivative in the latter equation. The Kolmogoroff–Chapman relation for probabilities in Brownian motion has an analogue (2) in quantum mechanics, not for probabilities though, but for the complex probability amplitudes. The uncertainty relation also has a stochastic analogue (3). Some of these analogous characteristics are actually symptomatic of the gulf which separates these two theories. There are solutions to the diffusion equation which have a very clear physical probabilistic meaning. This is not the case with the corresponding and formally similar solutions to the Schrödinger equation and is partly due to the √ − 1 mentioned earlier. The probabilistic interpretation of the solutions to the diffusion equation is direct and immediate. On the other hand, the probabilistic interpretation of the solutions, ψ of the Schrödinger equation involve the introduction of the probability density, p = ψ*ψ. One great difference between these two theories lies in their each having distinct principles of linear superposition. In Stochastic Theory probabilities are superposed and in quantum mechanics amplitudes or wave functions are superposed.
We show that a quantum system may be associated to a backward stochastic process in complex configuration space when the so-called weak value of the position operator is interpreted as a conditional expectation value. The ensemble averaged values of such a stochastic trajectory and the corresponding weak values of a quantum particle are shown to be equivalent. Moreover, the stochastic trajectory is shown to reduce to the correct classical trajectory in the limit where the de Broglie wavelength vanishes.