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arXiv:1107.2632 · Physical Review A

Quantum computation architecture using optical tweezers

Christof Weitenberg, Stefan Kuhr, Klaus Mølmer, Jacob Friis Sherson

Published Sep 16, 2011• 67 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We present a complete architecture for scalable quantum computation with ultracold atoms in optical lattices using optical tweezers focused to the size of a lattice spacing. We discuss three different two-qubit gates based on local collisional interactions. The gates between arbitrary qubits require the transport of atoms to neighboring sites. We numerically optimize the nonadiabatic transport of the atoms through the lattice and the intensity ramps of the optical tweezer in order to maximize the gate fidelities. We find overall gate times of a few $100\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}$s, while keeping the error probability due to vibrational excitations and spontaneous scattering below ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The requirements on the positioning error and intensity noise of the optical tweezer and the magnetic field stability are analyzed and we show that atoms in optical lattices could meet the requirements for fault-tolerant scalable quantum computing.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.84.032322

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We present a complete architecture for scalable quantum computation with ultracold atoms in optical lattices using optical tweezers focused to the size of a lattice spacing. We discuss three different two-qubit gates based on local collisional interactions. The gates between arbitrary qubits require the transport of atoms to neighboring sites. We numerically optimize the nonadiabatic transport of the atoms through the lattice and the intensity ramps of the optical tweezer in order to maximize the gate fidelities. We find overall gate times of a few 100\ensuremathμ100\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}100\ensuremathμs, while keeping the error probability due to vibrational excitations and spontaneous scattering below 10\ensuremath−3{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}10\ensuremath−3. The requirements on the positioning error and intensity noise of the optical tweezer and the magnetic field stability are analyzed and we show that atoms in optical lattices could meet the requirements for fault-tolerant scalable quantum computing.
Optical tweezer arrays of neutral atoms have been demonstrated in recent years to be a useful platform for quantum simulation, computation, and metrology. Realizing the full potential of these applications requires increasing qubit numbers while simultaneously maintaining high-fidelity control, which has proved a major challenge across quantum platforms. To date, quantum science experiments have typically been operated with at most hundreds of qubits. In this thesis, we review the relevant physics of the optical tweezer array architecture and present the technical advances involved in scaling the platform to 6,100 atomic qubits. In tandem with scalability, we demonstrate robust vacuum design, state-of-the-art coherence times, and high single-qubit gate fidelities. To capitalize on the intrinsic connectivity of the architecture at large scale, we investigate long-distance coherent atom transport and briefly describe progress towards two-qubit gate implementation. Finally, we discuss the prospects for scaling the optical tweezer array platform further by an order of magnitude.
We propose a quantum computer architecture based on ions confined in optical tweezer arrays, combining the long coherence times of trapped-ion qubits with the reconfigurability and parallel operation enabled by tweezer platforms. Selected ions are transported to local interaction zones, where excitation to an auxiliary state with a displaced optical potential generates a controllable effective electric dipole. We develop and analyze entangling-gate mechanisms mediated by the Coulomb interaction between such effective dipoles, and show that they enable precise, temperature-robust closure of the center-of-mass and relative motional trajectories, leaving no residual entanglement between the qubits and the motion. We further outline a concrete implementation with barium ions based on state-selective polarizability, and study the suppression of cross-talk during parallel gate execution, with relevance to transversal gates in quantum error correction. Our results thereby establish a realistic route toward scalable ion-tweezer quantum processors.
We make a detailed analysis of error mechanisms, gate fidelity, and scalability of proposals for quantum computation with neutral atoms in addressable (large lattice constant) optical lattices. We have identified possible limits to the size of quantum computations, arising in three-dimensional (3D) optical lattices from current limitations on the ability to perform single-qubit gates in parallel and in 2D lattices from constraints on laser power. Our results suggest that 3D arrays as large as $100\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}100\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}100$ sites (i.e., $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{6}$ qubits) may be achievable, provided two-qubit gates can be performed with sufficiently high precision and degree of parallelizability. The parallelizability of long-range interaction-based two-qubit gates is qualitatively compared to that of collisional gates. Different methods of performing single-qubit gates are compared, and a lower bound of $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ is determined on the error rate for the error mechanisms affecting 133Cs^{133}\text{C}\text{s}133Cs in a blue-detuned lattice with Raman-transition-based single-qubit gates, given reasonable limits on experimental parameters.
Arrays of single atoms trapped in optical tweezers are increasingly recognized as a promising platform for scalable quantum computing. In both the fault-tolerant and NISQ eras, the ability to individually control qubits is essential for the efficient execution of quantum circuits. Time-division multiplexed control schemes based on atom shuttling or beam scanning have been employed to build programmable neutral atom quantum processors, but achieving high-rate, highly parallel gate operations remains a challenge. Here, we propose a fiber array architecture for atom quantum computing capable of fully independent control of individual atoms. The trapping and addressing lasers for each individual atom are emitted from the same optical waveguide, enabling robust control through common-mode suppression of beam pointing noise. Using a fiber array, we experimentally demonstrate the trapping and independent control of ten single atoms in two-dimensional optical tweezers, achieving individually addressed single-qubit gates with an average fidelity of 0.9966(3). More significantly, we perform simultaneous arbitrary single-qubit gates on four randomly selected qubits, resulting in an average fidelity of 0.9961(4). Our work paves the way for time-efficient execution of quantum algorithms on neutral atom quantum computers.
Abstract As it has been demonstrated that trapped ion systems have unmatched long-lived quantum-bit (qubit) coherence and can support high-fidelity quantum manipulations, how to scale up the system size becomes an inevitable task for practical purposes. In this work, we theoretically analyse the physical limitation of scalability with a trapped ion array, and propose a feasible scheme of architecture that in principle allows an arbitrary number of ion qubits, for which the overhead only scales linearly with the system size. This scheme relies on the combined ideas of a trap architecture of tunable size, stabilisation of an ion crystal by optical tweezers, and continuous sympathetic cooling without touching the stored information. We demonstrate that illumination of optical tweezers modifies the motional spectrum by effectively pinning the ions, lifting the frequencies of the motional ground modes. By doing so, we make the structure of the array less vulnerable from thermal excitations, and suppress the position fluctuations to insure faithful gate operations. Finally, we also explore the local behaviour of cooling when a sub-array is isolated by optical tweezers from other parts of the crystal.
Steps towards implementing a collision-based two-qubit gate in optical lattices have previously been realized by the parallel merging of all pairs of atoms in a periodicity two superlattice. In contrast, we propose an architecture which allows for the merger of a selected qubit pair in a long-periodicity superlattice structure consisting of two optical lattices with close-lying periodicity. We numerically optimize the gate time and fidelity, including the effects on neighboring atoms and in the presence of experimental sources of error. Furthermore, the superlattice architecture induces a differential hyperfine shift, allowing for single-qubit gates. The fastest possible single-qubit gate times, given a maximal tolerable rotation error on the remaining atoms at various values of the lattice wavelengths, are identified. We find that robust single- and two-qubit gates with gate times of a few hundred microseconds and with error probabilities $\ensuremath{\sim}$${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ are possible.