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arXiv:1105.5030 · Physical Review Letters

Partial Order and Finite-Temperature Phase Transitions in Potts Models on Irregular Lattices

Qiaoni Chen, Mingpu Qin, Jialin Chen, Z. C. Wei, Hui‐Hai Zhao, Bruce Normand, Tao Xiang

Published Oct 12, 2011• 40 citations
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Abstract

We evaluate the thermodynamic properties of the 4-state antiferromagnetic Potts model on the Union-Jack lattice using tensor-based numerical methods. We present strong evidence for a previously unknown, "entropy-driven," finite-temperature phase transition to a partially ordered state. From the thermodynamics of Potts models on the diced and centered diced lattices, we propose that finite-temperature transitions and partially ordered states are ubiquitous on irregular lattices.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.107.165701

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The Potts model plays an essential role in classical statistical mechanics, illustrating many fundamental phenomena. One example is the existence of partially long-range-ordered states, in which some degrees of freedom remain disordered. This situation may arise from frustration of the interactions, but also from an irregular but unfrustrated lattice structure. We study partial long-range order in a range of antiferromagnetic qqq-state Potts models on different two-dimensional lattices and for all relevant values of qqq. We exploit the power of tensor-based numerical methods to evaluate the partition function of these models and hence to extract the key thermodynamic properties (entropy, specific heat, magnetization, and susceptibility) giving deep insight into the phase transitions and ordered states of each system. Our calculations reveal a range of phenomena related to partial ordering, including different types of entropy-driven phase transition, the role of lattice irregularity, very large values of the critical qc{q}_{c}qc​, and double phase transitions.
We prove that the 3-state Potts antiferromagnet on the diced lattice (dual of the kagome lattice) has entropically driven long-range order at low temperatures (including zero). We then present Monte Carlo simulations, using a cluster algorithm, of the 3-state and 4-state models. The 3-state model has a phase transition to the high-temperature disordered phase at v=e;{J}-1=-0.860 599+/-0.000 004 that appears to be in the universality class of the 3-state Potts ferromagnet. The 4-state model is disordered throughout the physical region, including at zero temperature.
The phase diagram of the q=3q=3q=3 state Potts antiferromagnet in a field is studied by exact mappings and Monte Carlo methods, and it is shown that systems with macroscopic ground-state degeneracy may exhibit conventional-type critical ordering. Our Monte Carlo data for the square-lattice case indicate a finite-temperature ordering in a range of field values where the entropy of the ground state is extensive. In a particular limit this phase transition can be shown to be of the Ising type by mapping the Potts model onto a colored, nearest-neighbor exclusion lattice gas. We also discuss the phase diagram of the body-centered-cubic Ising antiferromagnet in a field in order to show that renormalization-group arguments alone are not sufficient to restrict the diversity of possible low-temperature phases occurring in systems with a macroscopically degenerate ground state.
Using the Monte Carlo method we investigate the phase transitions and thermodynamic properties of magnetic structures with noncollinear directions of magnetic moments corresponded to antiferromagnetic q=4 Potts model on a face-centered cubic lattice. Monte Carlo simulations are performed on lattices with linear sizes L=20÷44. Thermodynamic parameters: the order parameter mAF, susceptibility χ, internal energy U, and specific heat C are evaluated for all studied systems. By employing the fourth order Binder cumulant method, a first order transition is shown to be occurred in the model.
We explore the Potts model on the generalized decorated square lattice, with both nearest (J 1 ) and next-nearest (J 2 ) neighbor interactions. Using the tensor renormalization-group method augmented by higher order singular value decompositions, we calculate the spontaneous magnetization of the Potts model with q = 2, 3, and 4. The results for q = 2 allow us to benchmark our numerics using the exact solution. For q = 3, we find a highly degenerate ground state with partial order on a single sublattice, but with vanishing entropy per site, and we obtain the phase diagram as a function of the ratio J 2 /J 1 . There is no finite-temperature transition for the q = 4 case when J 1 = J 2 , whereas the magnetic susceptibility diverges as the temperature goes to zero, showing that the model is critical at T = 0.